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Answer 1

Golf the Stack Exchange code block

The standard Stack Exchange code block button / hot key prepends 4 spaces to each line, unless they all begin with 4 spaces, in which case it removes them. Additionally, it avoids changing the first or last lines if they are empty. But why stop at the first or last lines? Markdown is quite happy if intervening empty lines remain empty. As this saves bytes, I want you to write as short a program (or function) as you can that follows this enhanced behaviour:

• All empty lines should remain unchanged
• If all other lines begin with 4 spaces, then remove 4 spaces from them
• Otherwise, prepend 4 spaces to each of them

This is code-golf, so the shortest program that breaks no standard loopholes wins.

Note that should your answer itself contain a blank line, you should ensure that there are no spaces on that line in your formatted code block.

Answer 2

Swipe over the keyboard

code-golf

(I'm not a native speaker so any good alternative for swipe is highly appreciated)

You have a keyboard in front of you and you swipe over the keyboard from left to right with your whole hand. Your task is to simulate the output. The keyboard is represented with 4 arrays (here is an example of a german keyboard layout, you are free to choose any other layout):

[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,ß,´]
[q,w,e,r,t,z,u,i,o,p,ü,+]
[a,s,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,ö,ä,#]
[<,y,x,c,v,b,n,m,,,.,-]

Now choose randomly one character of the first column [1,q,a,<]. Pop the chosen key and do the same with the newly created first column. For example the first key was q, the new first column will be [1,w,a,<]. The popped key will be printed out or skipped. Repeat it until your arrays are empty.

The rules are the following:

• You can represent the keyboard with 4 arrays matching the 4 rows on your keyboard. For example [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,ß,´] would be my first row (german keyboard layout). Choose the keyboard layout you want, but it has to include all letters and numbers
• There is no need to represent non-printable keys like tabulator, shift, backspace, ... so in general you won't hit the first and last column and the last row (you won't hit space too)
• Since you are swiping from left to right, the probability to hit a previously located key is 0. So if the key 5 is pressed, the keys 1-4 won't be pressed anymore.
• Each key needs to have a probability P!=0 to be pressed
• Each key needs to have a probability P!=0 to be skipped
• The rows are independent
• There is no input

Open questions

• Should I allow only one keyboard type?
• Are there still rules that need to be added?

Answer 3

CRC Collision

Your task: Accept a string (one could also include symbols in the string, does not have to be only alphabets and numbers) of any length as input, calculate 16bit CRC for the given string. Output a string of same length which gives you the exact same CRC sum.

Example:

Input Text: Hello World!
Caclculated CRC : 0xF444

Output Text (with same CRC): DW=9Mzk?7P4y

You may use in-built CRC libraries to calculate.

Shortest code that fulfills the requirement wins!

Answer 4

Display a fractal maze

Based on this Puzzling.SE question: Alice and the Fractal Hedge Maze.

Given a description of a maze as input, output a [graphical / ASCII-art ?] representation of the maze.

For the purpose of this challenge, all inner mazes are assumed to be smaller copies of the original maze. So a top-down view of the above maze would look like this:

Input:

Input will be given as a list of connections between different ports of the same level of the maze and the inner sub-mazes.

One list of connections for the above maze would be the following:

1,12,a5,a12

This is because, in the maze, ports 1 and 12 are connected to each other, and they are also connected to ports 5 and 12 of sub-maze A.

A full description of the above example maze would be the following:

a3      (note that a connection by itself means this is the starting point)
1,12,a5,a12
2,8,10,a9,c4
3,b1,b4
4,b5,b6
5,d4,d5
6,d8
7,b7,d10
9,c7,c11
11,a10
b8,d1,d3
b11,b12
c2,c12
d11,d12

Flexibility:

You may take each port like above or as a tuple with numbers instead of letters, such as using 0 for the outer maze and numbering the inner mazes sequentially. So the following would all be acceptable for a line:

2,8,10,a9,c4
[2,8,10,(1,9),(3,4)]
[2,8,10,('A',9),('C',4)]
[(0,2),(0,8),(0,10),(1,9),(3,4)]
[(0,2),(0,8),(0,10),(-1,9),(-3,4)]

The starting point will be by itself. You can take it in the list as a port by itself, or as a separate parameter. The starting position will always be an entrance to a sub-maze. Each port will be listed at most once in the input. Note that not all ports have to be listed, as there are some dead ends.

Output:

Output a representation of the maze given. Note that mazes may require bridging of paths (crossing without connection).

Note: graphical-output or ascii-art ?

code-golf maze

Answer 5

Which answer is correct?

I've posted an earlier version of this question already; but now hoping to refine here before correcting the original post. Thanks all in advance for any advise.

---

I saw this elegant logic puzzle on Mathematics:

Which answer in this list is the correct answer to this question?

 1. All of the below.
 2. None of the below.
 3. All of the above.
 4. One of the above.
 5. None of the above.
 6. None of the above.

One user submitted a nice answer in code (quoted below), which inspired this puzzle.

Task:

Write code which determines the answer to the above logic puzzle according to standard Code Golf rules (i.e. a working solution with the minimum number of characters wins).

The input should be a sequence (i.e. ordered list / array) with each item in that sequence representing one of the given statements. Each items in the list should hold 2 values: - the first representing All, One, or None. - the second representing above, or below.

The result should be a list/array of the indices of any correct answers.

The following test scenarios are considered invalid; i.e. your code would not be expected to handle such data:

• A statement is the first statement in the sequence and refers to the above, it evaluates to false.
• A statement is the last statement in teh sequence and refers to the below, it evaluates to false.

We should be optimistic about results. i.e. given the following, the program would return 1, 2:

1. all of the below
2. one of the above

When contradictions occur, neither statement is correct. i.e. the following would return a blank string.

1. none of the below
2. none of the above

Code for Referenced Answer

// gcc ImpredictivePropositionalLogic1.c -o ImpredictivePropositionalLogic1.exe -std=c99 -Wall -O3

/*
Which answer in this list is the correct answer to this question?

(a) All of the below.
(b) None of the below.
(c) All of the above.
(d) One of the above.
(e) None of the above.
(f) None of the above.
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#define iff(x, y) ((x)==(y))

int main() {
  printf("a b c d e f\n");
  for (int a = 0; a <= 1; a++)
  for (int b = 0; b <= 1; b++)
  for (int c = 0; c <= 1; c++)
  for (int d = 0; d <= 1; d++)
  for (int e = 0; e <= 1; e++)
  for (int f = 0; f <= 1; f++) {
    int Ra = iff(a, b && c && d && e && f);
    int Rb = iff(b, !c && !d && !e && !f);
    int Rc = iff(c, a && b);
    int Rd = iff(d, (a && !b && !c) || (!a && b && !c) || (!a && !b && c));
    int Re = iff(e, !a && !b && !c && !d);
    int Rf = iff(f, !a && !b && !c && !d && !e);

    int R = Ra && Rb && Rc && Rd && Re && Rf;
    if (R) printf("%d %d %d %d %d %d\n", a, b, c, d, e, f);
  }
  return 0;
}

Test Cases

To represent the conditions in these test cases I've used the following convention:

• [...] to represent the entire sequence
• (match,direction) to represent each item where match and direction have values:

Match:

• 0 - None of the
• 1 - One of the
• 2 - All of the

Direction:

• 0 - below
• 1 - above

1. The Original

[
    (2,0)  //all of the below
    ,(0,0) //none of the below
    ,(2,1) //all of the above
    ,(1,1) //one of the above
    ,(0,1) //none of the above
    ,(0,1) //none of the above
]

//expected answer is 5

2. Both

[
    (2,0)  //all of the below
    ,(1,1) //one of the above
]

//expected answer is 1, 2

3. Neither

[
    (0,0)  //none of the below
    ,(0,1) //none of the above
]

//expected answer is (nothing)

4. Simple

[
    (2,0)  //all of the below
    ,(0,1) //none of the above
]

//expected answer is 2

Answer 6

Help me discover myself!

Hola, People call me file. At any point of time, all I know is how people compile me. Some use gcc some use gpp and some Java and some even csc. I couldn't really figure out who I am with just this info!

All I can do for you to help me is show a snippet inside me for you to find out the programming language. If you couldn't find with the snippet(the snippet will not have any incomplete line of code), only then can I share how programmers compile me.

And yes, you are brilliant enough to find out the language in which the program in me is written!

I may have...

Example1:

Input1:

int main(){return 0;}

Output1:

c|cpp

Input2:

gpp

Output2: c++

or

Input2:

gcc

Output2:

c

Example 2:

Input1:

#include<iostream>
int main(){return 0;}

Output1:

c++

Example3:

Input1:

main(){}

Output1:

c

• the above example can't possibly be java because the mandatory return type for the method in java is missing.

Example4:

Input1:

#include<stdio.h>
main(){}

Output1:

c

Example5:

Input1:

class hola{public static void main(){}}

Output1:

java

Example6:

Input1:

class Hola{public static void Main(){}}

Output1:

c#

Oh yeah, I also know few things that might be helpful for you. The snippet that I'm allowed to share is only headers and the main function - first function that is called when program is executed.

And also, there are some conventions.

And then,

• c - return type for main is not mandatory, standard header is stdio.h
• c++ return type is mandatory, standard header is iosstream
• c# - Main is a title - first letter is caps!

Input format Any code snippet it is more than enough if your answer identifies the above given six example snippet.

Output format programming language in which the snippet possibly fits in.

This is code golf and hence shortest code in each language wins!

Answer 7

Generate a Voronoi Diagram

code-golf graphical-output

Challenge

Given a list of coordinates and colours of points, output a 300px by 300px Voronoi Diagram.

Winning

Shortest code in bytes wins.

To be expanded

Answer 8

Google Autocomplete Fun code-golfinternetstring

Your task is to create a program which, given an input string, will output the first Google autocomplete result for that search. The format of input/output is up to you.

Rules

1. Your program must take 1 input, a string, and output the top Google autocomplete/auto-fill suggestions result. The format of input/output is up to you. Just be sure to mention what your I/O format is.
2. Obviously, accessing the Internet is allowed.
3. URL shorteners (like bit.ly, TinyURL, etc.) are strictly disallowed. You should fetch your autocomplete results from this URL: http://suggestqueries.google.com/complete/search?client=your_browser&q=your_query. You are allowed to assume any browser name for client. In the program I wrote, I assume Chrome. Any browser name or string should work.
4. Please provide an explanation of how your program works. It is not mandatory, but I strongly advise it.
5. All standard loopholes are strictly forbidden.

This is code-golf, so may the shortest code win and the best programmer prosper...

Answer 9

Calculate Call-Changes

Before learning to ring methods, novice bell-ringers usually first learn something called call-changes. This is basically a sequence of permutations (the changes), each one obtained from the previous by exchanging a pair of adjacent bells (the call).

The bells always begin in ascending pitch number order (which is actually descending pitch order). Each exchange (call) can be expressed in one of two different ways, depending on the whim of the conductor. Exchanges always use the bell's pitch number, regardless of the bell's current position.

1. The exchange can be expressed as a pair of adjacent bell numbers in sequence. The first of the pair is always immediately before the second of the pair. The two bells simply exchange places, so the first of the pair ends up immediately after the second of the pair.

2. • The exchange can be expressed as a bell number plus a second bell number which is two places before the first bell. The (unnamed) intervening bell and the first bell exchange places. This also results in the first input bell ending up immediately after the second input bell.
   • The above expression cannot be used to move a bell into first (lead) place, because there is no bell for it to end up after. You therefore need to accept an alternate way of expressing that the first two bells change places. Note that this must still refer to the pitch number of the bell in second place, but this might be achieved e.g. by having a sentinel value for the second bell, or by omitting it completely. (In real call-changes the call is "[number] lead!" rather than "[number] to [number]!".)

Your other input will be the number (not list) of bells in the sequence. You can assume that this will not be more than 9 (but supporting larger numbers may get you more upvotes). Here is a worked example showing the list of calls in both of the above formats and the desired output:

Call 1  Call 2  Output
(5 bells input  12345)
12      20*     21345
34      41      21435
14      42      24135
24      40*     42135
21      14      41235
41      10*     14235
42      21      12435
43      32      12345

*example representation.

Your program or function should output the result after each change. (Showing the initial permutation is permitted but not necessary.) Input and output can be any reasonable method, e.g. nested array of numbers or list of strings (note that if you use strings and want to support more than 9 bells then the next three bells are traditionally numbered 0, E and T). You can assume that all inputs follow the above pattern (or your custom representation for calling the seconds place bell into first place).

This is code-golf, so the shortest answer that breaks no standard loopholes wins!

Answer 10

Excel NORMSINV function

Implement the excel NORMSINV function in your favourite language, shortest code wins

Build in functions and standard loopholes are not allowed

Loss of precision is also not allowed

Reference C Implementation

/*
 * Original C++ implementation found at http://www.wilmott.com/messageview.cfm?catid=10&threadid=38771
 * C# implementation found at http://weblogs.asp.net/esanchez/archive/2010/07/29/a-quick-and-dirty-implementation-of-excel-norminv-function-in-c.aspx
 *     Compute the quantile function for the normal distribution.
 *
 *     For small to moderate probabilities, algorithm referenced
 *     below is used to obtain an initial approximation which is
 *     polished with a final Newton step.
 *
 *     For very large arguments, an algorithm of Wichura is used.
 *
 *  REFERENCE
 *
 *     Beasley, J. D. and S. G. Springer (1977).
 *     Algorithm AS 111: The percentage points of the normal distribution,
 *     Applied Statistics, 26, 118-121.
 *
 *      Wichura, M.J. (1988).
 *      Algorithm AS 241: The Percentage Points of the Normal Distribution.
 *      Applied Statistics, 37, 477-484.
 */

#include <math.h>

double normsInv(double p, double mu, double sigma)
{
    if (p < 0 || p > 1)
    {
        printf("The probality p must be bigger than 0 and smaller than 1");
        exit(1);
    }
    if (sigma < 0)
    {
        printf("The standard deviation sigma must be positive");
        exit(1);
    }
    if (p == 0)
    {
        return -1e100;
    }
    if (p == 1)
    {
        return 1e100;
    }
    if (sigma == 0)
    {
        return mu;
    }

    double q, r, val;

    q = p - 0.5;

    /*-- use AS 241 --- */
    /* double ppnd16_(double *p, long *ifault)*/
    /*      ALGORITHM AS241  APPL. STATIST. (1988) VOL. 37, NO. 3
            Produces the normal deviate Z corresponding to a given lower
            tail area of P; Z is accurate to about 1 part in 10**16.
    */
    if (fabs(q) <= .425)
    {/* 0.075 <= p <= 0.925 */
        r = .180625 - q * q;
        val =
               q * (((((((r * 2509.0809287301226727 +
                          33430.575583588128105) * r + 67265.770927008700853) * r +
                        45921.953931549871457) * r + 13731.693765509461125) * r +
                      1971.5909503065514427) * r + 133.14166789178437745) * r +
                    3.387132872796366608)
               / (((((((r * 5226.495278852854561 +
                        28729.085735721942674) * r + 39307.89580009271061) * r +
                      21213.794301586595867) * r + 5394.1960214247511077) * r +
                    687.1870074920579083) * r + 42.313330701600911252) * r + 1);
    }
    else
    { /* closer than 0.075 from {0,1} boundary */

        /* r = min(p, 1-p) < 0.075 */
        if (q > 0)
            r = 1 - p;
        else
            r = p;

        r = sqrt(-log(r));
        /* r = sqrt(-log(r))  <==>  min(p, 1-p) = exp( - r^2 ) */

        if (r <= 5)
        { /* <==> min(p,1-p) >= exp(-25) ~= 1.3888e-11 */
            r += -1.6;
            val = (((((((r * 7.7454501427834140764e-4 +
                       .0227238449892691845833) * r + .24178072517745061177) *
                     r + 1.27045825245236838258) * r +
                    3.64784832476320460504) * r + 5.7694972214606914055) *
                  r + 4.6303378461565452959) * r +
                 1.42343711074968357734)
                / (((((((r *
                         1.05075007164441684324e-9 + 5.475938084995344946e-4) *
                        r + .0151986665636164571966) * r +
                       .14810397642748007459) * r + .68976733498510000455) *
                     r + 1.6763848301838038494) * r +
                    2.05319162663775882187) * r + 1);
        }
        else
        { /* very close to  0 or 1 */
            r += -5;
            val = (((((((r * 2.01033439929228813265e-7 +
                       2.71155556874348757815e-5) * r +
                      .0012426609473880784386) * r + .026532189526576123093) *
                    r + .29656057182850489123) * r +
                   1.7848265399172913358) * r + 5.4637849111641143699) *
                 r + 6.6579046435011037772)
                / (((((((r *
                         2.04426310338993978564e-15 + 1.4215117583164458887e-7) *
                        r + 1.8463183175100546818e-5) * r +
                       7.868691311456132591e-4) * r + .0148753612908506148525)
                     * r + .13692988092273580531) * r +
                    .59983220655588793769) * r + 1);
        }

        if (q < 0.0)
        {
            val = -val;
        }
    }

    return mu + sigma * val;
}

Answer 11

Find the Calling Pattern

number function cops-and-robbers

I've written a program to add two numbers a and b:

f=lambda:lambda a:lambda b:lambda:a+b

This has a very specific calling pattern. It must be called as:

f()(a)(b)()

In this case, it was fairly clear, but sometimes the calling pattern can be more complicated:

f(a,None)()("","","")([0,0],b)(())()

In essence, this challenge is about the cops trying to obfuscate this calling pattern, and the robbers trying to find it.

Rules for Cops:

Calling patterns:

• The function must only need to be called up to 5 times to give the answer.
• For the purposes of this challenge, a false-unit is None, "", [], 0, or ().
• A valid argument to the curried function in the calling pattern is either:
  • a false-unit,
  • a list or tuple containing one to five false units, or
  • one of the actual numbers to be added (represented by a and b).
• Each time it is called, it should only take up to five arguments.
• The calling pattern can change based on what arguments are passed to it. Be creative!
• a and b must each appear once in the calling pattern.

Examples of valid calling patterns:

f(a,b)
f("",a)(b,[0,0])
f(a)("",(),[None],[0,()])(b)()

Examples of invalid calling patterns:

f(a,b,0,0,"",[]) # too many arguments
f(a,[(),[],"",(),[],""])(b) # too many elements in [(),[],"",(),[],""]
f(a) # b is not passed
f([a,b]) # a and b may not be contained in a list
f((0,[None,""]),a)(b) # [None,""] is not a false-unit

For your submission, you must post a lambda that, when called according to your calling pattern, evaluates to a + b.

You can assume that a and b are both positive and that a + b < 2147483647 (the highest signed 32-bit integer).

Your submission is safe if it is not cracked by a robber in one week.

Rules for Robbers

To crack a cop's submission, you must post a submission which takes two inputs and returns a string showing how to call the cop's submission to coerce it into adding your two inputs. For example, if this was a cop's submission:

lambda:lambda x,z:lambda y:x+(y*(z==0))

This could be your crack:

lambda a, b: "f()(%s, 0)(%s)" % (a, b)

Sandbox Notes

• Is there anything I should clarify? Should I add more examples?
• Should I try to make this language agnostic or restrict it to Python?
• Is this too weighted towards one side (is it too easy for the cops or the robbers?)
• Are there any additional restrictions that could make it more fair?

Answer 12

To Polar and Back

code-golf math geometry

Background

There are 2 main ways to represent a single point on a plane:

• in Cartesian form, with an x and y value,
• and in Polar form, with an angle and a magnitude

For example, the point (5, 5) can also be represented with the angle π / 4 and magnitude 5 * sqrt(2)

In this challenge, we will be using radians, and not degrees.

Conversion

This challenge deals with the mapping of Polar form onto a Cartesian grid, by using the angle as the x value, and the magnitude as the y value.

For example, to change the point (sqrt(3), 1) into Polar form and back, we first convert it into polar form, with an angle of π / 6 and magnitude of 2.

Then, these values are mapped into Cartesian form, yielding the Cartesian point (π/6, 2).

The Challenge

Create a program or function that, given a rectangle in Cartesian form, outputs it's area after it has been converted to Polar form and mapped back onto the Cartesian plane by equating angle with x and magnitude with y.

Input

The input will be a rectangle in Cartesian form whose legs are parallel to the x and y axes. Also, all 4 corners will be in the first quadrant, meaning that all x and y values will be strictly positive.

This means that you may take

• The Cartesian coordinates of all 4 corners
• The Cartesian coordinates of opposite corners
• The Cartesian coordinates of one corner, and a width and height value

or some other reasonable form, such as a rectangle object. The important thing is that you don't take Polar coordinates as input.

You can take the points or values in any order you choose.

Please include the input format you used in your answer.

Output

Output will be a single, decimal number rounded to at least the hundredth's place (2 digits after the decimal).

Explained Example

Note: For the sake of clarity, I will use symbols like π or sqrt(3) instead of their decimal equivalents.

Also keep in mind that this is probably one of many ways to go about this problem, and it doesn't matter what method you use to find the area as long as you do. This example is mostly to explain the above by showing it in action.

Anyways, here is out input, in the form of 4 points:

(1, sqrt(3)), (4, sqrt(3)), (1, 1), (4, 1)

First, we might convert each point into polar form, and map that back onto the Cartesian plane:

(x, y)       -> (angle, magnitude)
(1, sqrt(3)) -> (π/3, 2)
(4, sqrt(3)) -> (arctan(sqrt(3)/4), sqrt(19))
(1, 1)       -> (π/4, sqrt(2))
(4, 1)       -> (arctan(1/4), sqrt(17))

This should be relatively easy using trigonometry and the Pythagorean theorem.

These new Cartesian points give us the corners of our new shape, which looks something like this:

Notice that the sides are not straight, meaning you will have to figure out how to get the equations for the sides as well as how to find the area. I'll leave that up to you.

In any case, the area of this shape is about 0.81810689, but you only need to print 0.82 (without the leading 0, if you prefer).

Other Test Cases

The input will be taken in the form of 4 points, in reading order (left to right, then top to bottom)

input -> output
(1, 1.732), (4, 1.732), (1, 1), (4, 1) -> 0.82

Sandbox: I will add more test cases later - any suggestions about certain edge cases I should include would be helpful.

Scoring

This is code-golf, so the shortest answer in bytes wins.

Standard loopholes, as always, apply.

Sandbox

• Any name ideas?
• Any tags I should add/remove?
• Suggestions/help with creating test cases?
• Is the explanation sufficient?
• Should I change the accuracy requirement to 3 digits after the decimal point, or would that be too hard?

Thanks!

Answer 13

Electron Configurations: Orbitals

code-golf chemistry

Challenge

Given an elements atomic number as input, output its short electronic configuration.

Explanation

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/properties/elstructs.html

To come

Examples

Sodium: 11

[Ne] 3s1

Hydrogen: 1

1s1

Helium: 2

1s2 

or

[He]

Vanadium: 23

[Ar] 4s2 3d3

Selenium: 34

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4

Winning

Shortest code in bytes wins

Answer 14

Variably Incremented Chained Ranges code-golf

Your task will be, given a well-formed input string s, to parse it as a range, with special properties:

1. A traditional range is defined as a..b = [a, a+1, .., b-1, b].
2. An incremental range is an extension of the traditional range in the format a.c.b.
   • The format above uses a and b in the traditional sense, but it will use c as the step.
   • That is to say 1.2.5 = [1,3,5] and a.c.b = [a, a+c, .., b iff b-a is divisble by c]
   • This means that 0.2.5 = [0, 2, 4] because b-a % c != 0.
3. The ranges are chain-able, meaning that a..b..c..d..e..f..g..h..i is valid.
   • Always should be handled left-to-right.
   • The chain should always be continued from the end of the last range.
   • 0.2.5..3 is not [0,2,4,5,4,3] it is [0,2,4,3].
4. The format of the range may be a.c.b or a..b, absence of c means c = 1.

I & O Gaurantees

• c <= difference(b, a), you will never see something like 1.100.2.
• a and b are positive integers or 0, this makes crap easier
• Notice, however, that neither a > b nor a < b are guaranteed, both are acceptable.
• a, b and c will always be integer values, floats aren't supported.

This is code-golfsequence, lowest byte count wins.

Answer 15

Give counterexamples to thesis that prime numbers are finite.

It is known since antiquity that there are infinite prime numbers, first proved by Euclid. An unorthodox yet brief formulation of this proof was recently posted on MathExchange:

There are infinitely many primes, if not, multiply all and add 1.

Challenge

Given a prime number N, output a prime number created by multiplying it with all lower primes and adding one, i. e. (2*3*5*...*N) + 1. In other words, if someone claimed that N is the largest finite number, you have to give a counterexample Euclid would likely compute to prove them false.

You don't have to consider input number that is not a prime.

Your representation of a number must have a range of 32-bit signed integers or larger.

You can use floating point representation as long as your code uses int-specific operations (e.g. no double-specific bit-fu).

Shortest code wins, standard loopholes forbidden. You may use a lookup table of primes.

Example Input and Output

2 → 3          // because             2 + 1 = 3
3 → 7          // because           3*2 + 1 = 7
5 → 31         // because         5*3*2 + 1 = 31
13 → 30031     // because 13*11*7*5*3*2 + 1 = 30031
31 → 223092871 // (largest possible output within `int32` range)

Note

This is very similar to, yet not identical with A006862: your solution must output a number belonging to that sequence. The difference is that your solution must work for inputs that are primes, while A006862 recognizes any natural number (including 0).

If your solution is function f(), the following equivalence must be true:

A006862(n) = M <=> f(A000040(n)) = M

A000040 is the sequence of primes, therefore A000040(n) can be read as "n-th prime number".

Answer 16

Rewrite a number in the Munafo System code-golf numbers

Output

The Munafo Alphabetic PT System (created by Robert Munafo) is a system of concisely writing very large numbers such that ordered values become lexicographically ordered when written. A full description (and some examples) of the system can be found in the link, but here's a series of steps to compute the string M(N) from a positive real number N:

• If N < 10, then M(N) is simply the single digit of N, possibly followed by an factional part; that is, _ followed by any digits after the decimal place of N.
• If 10 ≤ N < 100, then M(N) is the letter a followed by the two digits of N, possibly followed by an factional part.
• If 100 ≤ N < 1000, then M(N) is the letter b followed by the three digits of N, possibly followed by an factional part.
• If 1000 ≤ N < 10 000, then M(N) is the letter c followed by the four digits of N, possibly followed by an factional part.
• If 10 000 ≤ N < 100 000, then M(N) is the letter d followed by the five digits of N, possibly followed by an factional part.

• If 100 000 ≤ N < 10³⁰⁰, then M(N) is:

  1. the letter e
  2. exactly three digits, representing the exponent of N
  3. an underscore _
  4. any number of digits, representing the significand of N in standardized form.

  
  More specifically, a string M(N) = ex1x2x3_y1y2y3... represents the value N = y₁.y₂y₃... × 10^x₁x₂x₃.

• Finally, if 10³⁰⁰ ≤ N, then to determine M(N), we must first apply the following recursive process:

  1. Set T = 0 and R = N.
  2. If R < 10³⁰⁰, then break out of this process.
  3. Otherwise, set T = T + 1, set R = log₁₀(R), and return to step 2.

  
  (Effectively, this sets N equal to 10^10…R with T nested exponents.) Now, with our values of T and R, the value of M(N) is written as follows:

  1. the letter e
  2. the substring M(T)
  3. an underscore _
  4. the substring M(R).

...and that's the entire system. I apologize if anything I said was unclear or vague; in that case, you should definitely check the link for more detail.

META: Is there anything here that can be clarified?

Operation

As input, your program or function is to take three nonnegative numbers X, Y, and Z. X and Z are guaranteed to fit in your language's default integer type, and Y can fit in the default floating point type. These three values represent the number N = 10^{…Y × 10Z}, with X initial exponents as before. From here, the challenge is simple: given X, Y, and Z describing a value N, output the Munafo string M(N).

Test cases

META: Still figuring these out. Will probably end up using at least a couple from the link. Suggestions are welcome.

Answer 17

Same Same But Different code-golfnumbersequencebase-conversioninteger

This challenge involves two similar digit-based routines each of which, when given a non-negative integer seed, produce eventually periodic sequences.
The goal is to find the nth seed number (counting up) that does not define the two sequences to be the identical (by virtue of the order of its digits), yet does yield sequences of equal pre-periodic length.

---

Reverse & Absolute Difference Routine.

A reverse and difference sequence may be defined in any given base for a non-negative seed by iteratively taking the absolute difference between the number and itself with its digits reversed.

An example:

The number 544₁₀ is 1000100000₂;
The reverse of which is 0000010001₂, which is 17₁₀;
The difference between the two is 527₁₀;
Repeating the process we have 527₁₀ = 1000001111₂, reversed is 1111000001₂ = 961₁₀, and a difference of 434₁₀;
Repeating again, 434₁₀ = 110110010₂, reversed is 010011011₂ = 155₁₀, and a difference of 279₁₀;
Repeating again yields 186₁₀, then 93₁₀, and then 0, which will continue to yield 0.

• So, the pre-periodic reversal and difference base-2 trajectory length of 544₁₀ is six.
  - since the iterative procedure may be performed six times before a periodic part, {0}, is reached:

544₁₀, 527₁₀, 434₁₀, 279₁₀, 186₁₀, 93₁₀, {0}

• Similarly the pre-periodic reversal and difference base-2 trajectory length of 93₁₀ is one
  ...and the pre-periodic reversal and difference base-2 trajectory length of 0 is zero (as it is in any base).

Note: Ignoring the absolute part of this definition, many low bases have their iterations listed at the OEIS: base-2, base-3, base-4, base-5, base-6, base-7, base-8, base-9, base-10, base-11, base-12, base-16, base-20.

---

Kaprekar Routine.

A similar, but different sequence is the Kaprekar sequence where the absolute difference above is replaced by the difference, and the reversal is preceded by a digit-sort.

An example:

The number 836381₁₀ is CC31D₁₆;
Which, reverse-sorted is DCC31₁₆, which is 904241₁₀;
And forward-sorted is 13CCD₁₆, which is 81101₁₀;
The reverse-sorted less the forward-sorted is then 823140₁₀;
Repeating the process we have 823140₁₀ = C8F64₁₆, reverse-sorted is FC864₁₆ = 1034340₁₀, forward sorted is 468CF₁₆ = 288975₁₀, and the subtraction yields 745365₁₀;
Repeating again yields 679830₁₀, then 671670₁₀, then 806820₁₀, then 753525₁₀, then 671670₁₀...

• Notice that we have hit a periodic part of the sequence, {671670₁₀, 806820₁₀, 753525₁₀}, so the pre-periodic Kaprekar base-16 trajectory of 836381₁₀ is four:

836381₁₀, 823140₁₀, 745365₁₀, 679830₁₀, {671670₁₀, 806820₁₀, 753525₁₀}

Note:: Once again the OEIS lists the iterations for some low bases: base-2, base-3, base-4, base-5, base-6, base-7, base-8, base-9, base-10.
Furthermore some pre-periodic sequences also exist: base-2, base-3, base-4, base-5, base-6, base-7, base-8, base-9, base-10.

---

Same same...

Any number whose digits are already either forward or reverse sorted in some base will have the same pre-periodic trajectory length for both sequences in that base, since the resulting procedure will be identical.

There are, however, numbers which have the same pre-periodic trajectory length in both sequences even though their digits in the base in question are not already sorted.

The first example in base-10 is 107 which has a pre-periodic trajectory length of three in both sequences:

Reverse & difference: 107, 594, 99, {0}
Kaprekar: 107, 693, 594, {495}

Aside: Any number with less than three digits will always be sorted or reverse-sorted, as will the first three digit number, so the only others to actually check in base-10 before finding 107 would be [102-106].

---

The challenge

Write a program or function which when provided with a positive* integer, n, and an integer base greater than one**, b, outputs the n^th number (in the natural ordering) which has neither sorted nor reverse-sorted digits in the given base, b, but which does have the same pre-periodic trajectory length for both procedures defined above in the given base.

The input and output are as flexible as ever, however the input and output numbers (or string or list representations thereof) are to be in a single unchanging base, consistent between input and output - for most this will probably mean base ten, but any single base is acceptable, as long as it is consistent across any invocations of the code.

* Feel free to have the counting (i.e. n) be 0-based if you would prefer, just say in your submission.

** Note there are no such numbers in base-1, so the code does not need to handle b=1 as an input.

---

Test cases (one-based n, IO in base-10)

 n     b  result
 1     2      17
 2     2      33
 3     2      51
 4     2      65
 5     2      73
 6     2      85
17     2     297

 1     3      28
 2     3      29
 3     3      32
 4     3      48
 5     3      51
 6     3      55
17     3     101

 1    10     107
 2    10     160
 3    10     161
 4    10     172
 5    10     186
 6    10     187
17    10     329

 1    16     264
 2    16     266
 3    16     355
 4    16     373
 5    16     400
 6    16     401
17    16     522

 1   257   66179
 2   257   98949
 3   257   98951
 4   257   98953
 5   257   98955
 6   257   98957
17   257   98979

 1  1234 1523375
 2  1234 2242181
 3  1234 2243417
 4  1234 2244655
 5  1234 2245897
 6  1234 2247147
17  1234 2260770

Answer 18

code-golf

Formula 1 2016 standings

The Formula 1 2017 season is well underway, but I thought that the final standings could be good idea for a challenge.

The task is to print the standings at the end of 2016 season. This is how the table looks like:

1  N Rosberg    385
2  L Hamilton   380
3  D Ricciardo  256
4  S Vettel     212
5  M Verstappen 204
6  K Raikkonen  186
7  S Perez      101
8  V Bottas     85
9  N Hulkenberg 72
10 F Alonso     54
11 F Massa      53
12 C Sainz      46
13 R Grosjean   29
14 D Kvyat      25
15 J Button     21
16 K Magnussen  7
17 F Nasr       2
18 J Palmer     1
19 P Wehrlein   1
20 S Vandoorne  1
21 E Gutierrez  0
22 M Ericsson   0
23 E Ocon       0
24 R Haryanto   0

The table is divided into 3 columns: position at the end of season, driver name and points. In each of the columns, the contents can be aligned to left or to right for each column independently. If all columns are aligned to right, the output will look like this:

 1    N Rosberg 385
 2   L Hamilton 380
 3  D Ricciardo 256
 4     S Vettel 212
 5 M Verstappen 204
 6  K Raikkonen 186
 7      S Perez 101
 8     V Bottas  85
 9 N Hulkenberg  72
10     F Alonso  54
11      F Massa  53
12      C Sainz  46
13   R Grosjean  29
14      D Kvyat  25
15     J Button  21
16  K Magnussen   7
17       F Nasr   2
18     J Palmer   1
19   P Wehrlein   1
20  S Vandoorne   1
21  E Gutierrez   0
22   M Ericsson   0
23       E Ocon   0
24   R Haryanto   0

The columns should be separated exactly by 1 space. Trailing spaces are allowed as well as 1 trailing newline.

This is code-golf competition - shortest answer wins.

Answer 19

Golf me a golf-lang

In any programing language of your choice write me an interpreter (or compiler targetting a reasonable pre-existing binary) for a golfing language. You will be scored based on a combination of the length of the interpreter and the golfiness of programs in your (user created language). In particular your goal will be to minimize the following formula.

max((Interpreter Length in bytes),512)/16-25*("checkmarks")

A good answer will not only contain an interpreter, but also contain code samples and documentation to encourage use of your language.

The number of "checkmarks" a language has earned is the number of times an answer in your language has beat or tied with the best answer (out of languages which are submissions to this challenge) to an open, positively voted (score of +1 or higher) question (whatever the win criterion) which postdate your language and were not asked by its creator(s) (in the event of a community wiki submission).

Your language will now be in a meta-competition around stack exchange, and you can earn checkmarks if other people choose to win other challenges with your competition.

---

Note that use of eval (or similar) is banned. You may write your interpreter/compiler in any preexisting programming language, and your language that you implement may be as similar as you wish to currently existing programming languages.

language-designcode-challenge

Answer 20

quine codegolf

How many times will you have to golf a quine?

For this challenge, you must create a programme which takes an integer x and outputs its source x many times.

Rules

• This is codegolf, the programme containing the least amount of bytes wins.

• If you submit a function, the function must take x as a parameter and either return or print the body of the function x many times to STDOUT

• If you submit a lambda, it is not required for you to assign it to a variable

• Standard loophole restrictions apply.

• Empty programmes are forbidden

Answer 21

Steal my credit card

recently a lovely man named Boris that I met online sent me a copy of an album that I didn't even know was released yet, the 16kb '.exe' ('EXtremely Excellent-music' apparently) file didn't open, but I did notice that it had managed to make some charges against my credit card, now I'm normally very secure in my banking, I don't write passwords down at all, and I keep my bank details in a '.txt' (Truly eXceedingly proTected) file, so I'm not sure how the hackers managed to get access, to confirm how secure I am:

• I keep a .txt file named 'info.txt' in my documents folder
• There's lots of unimportant information in this
• I store the credit cards in a specific format
• All of my credit cards have the same number of digits in the number and cvv
• the 'Type' of card may be different, but it will always be in the format Cardtype - MM/YY
• I don't format anything else in a similar manner, you can assume that this is the only two lines together.

Example:

Visa - 10/18
4024007172038209/571

(not a real credit card, i'm not an idiot)

which corresponds to:

Type - MM/YY (Expiry date)
CREDIT_CARD_NUM/CVV

The format will always match:

[a-zA-Z]+ - \d{2}/\d{2}\r?\n\d{16}/\d{3}

so it's very difficult to be read by any automatic parsing program.

my insurance doesn't believe me, so I'm here to prove that it's basically impossible, and since we all know programmers are actually just hackers with day jobs, I figured you would all be able to help me.

after adding all of the default Java libraries together and doing some math I believe there's almost no room left for any actual code in the exe file he sent me, so please try and keep the program as short as possible.

The Challenge:

write a program which takes no arguments, and when run will:

• read in a file named 'info.txt' from the same directory the program is run in.
• somewhere in the file, two lines will correspond to the above format
• return only those two lines
• any amount of leading or trailing white-space is allowed.
• you can assume one credit card per file
• you do not need to do any validity checks on the card number etc.

attached is my original info.txt if you want to test against it, but it should work with any credit card number, that way it will be more believable.

[gdrive link to info.txt]

This is code-golf so shortest code in each language wins.

Any code, interpreted or compiled, on any system, in any language is valid.

code-golf file text

Answer 22

Is the line closed?

Given input consisting of only whitespace characters and -/\|, tell if the line created by -\/| is closed.

For this challenge, \ points one character up and to the left, as well as one character down and to the right. / points up and to the right, and down and to the left. | points one to one character above and below it. - points one character to the left and right of it.

# means it is being pointed to.

#
 \
  #

  #
 /
#

#-#

#
|
#

A line is a bunch of /\-| characters that point to each other.

     /---\
\    |   |
 \---/   \

The characters - and | cannot validly point to each other. Similarly, / and \ cannot point to each other either.

-| = INVALID

|
-  = INVALID

\
 / = INVALID

 /
\  = INVALID

A closed line is one where each of its characters validly point to another of its characters.

/--\
|  |
\--/ = CLOSED

\--\
|  |
\--/ = NOT CLOSED

---- = NOT CLOSED

Your task, as said above, is to write a program that says if a line is closed.

Test cases coming soon.

code-golfascii-art

Answer 23

Determine if a relation is an equivalence relation

code-golf math decision-problem

(Content to be added.)

Sandbox

• Inspired by Is this a function?, Determine if a relation is transitive
• Inspires "Determine if a relation is a partial order"

Answer 24

Uncompress a permutation

I have a number of permutations, of which this is an example:

[0] 1 2 3 15 14 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 5 4 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 35 34 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 25 24 36 37 38 39 [40]

(0 is used for 0-indexed permutations and 40 for 1-indexed permutations.) In order to save space, I want to compress the permutation by reducing each ascending run of consecutive numbers to its first element, giving:

0/1 15 14 26 5 4 16 35 34 6 25 24 36

This compression method is invertible, because each missing element from the compressed form must follow its predecessor among the integers.

Your challenge is to write a program or function that takes a compressed permutation as input and returns an uncompressed permutation. Your input will consist of an array or list or other reasonable type representing the compressed permutation, plus an integer number of elements in the uncompressed permutation. Examples:

[0], 2 -> [0, 1] (0-indexed)
[1], 2 -> [1, 2] (1-indexed)
[6, 2, 0], 8 -> [6, 7, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 1] (0-indexed)
[7, 4, 1], 9 -> [7, 8, 9, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3] (1-indexed)

In order to make the compression worthwhile I obviously need as short a decompression routine as possible, so this is a code-golf challenge.

Answer 25

An implementation of a game called Nomic code-golf game

Nomic is a game where you can change the rules. Humans are biased judges though, so let's have a computer run the rules! (Note that there are many variations of Nomic. Below is just one example.) Since you're minimalists, you want the original ruleset to be as short as possible.

Your program first accepts as input a list of players. You must be able to accept any list of 2 to 16 unique alphanumeric usernames (you may assume that the list of players names are valid according to this criteria).

Next print The name of this game is nomic. The goal is to get the last line of output of this program to be "[username] is the winner!", where [username] is your username.

Now, for each player print [username], do you want to propose a revision to the rules? If so, type the revised code below: where [username] is the player's username. (This input must be able to accept multiple lines.) If the input is empty, proceed to the next player.

If not, for each player print [username], do you want to accept or reject this change to the rules?(y/n), where [username] is the player's username. (You may assume input to this will either be y or n.) If the number of ys are more than the number of ns, execute it (in the language you are writing the implemenation). If not, proceed with the next player.

If the code executes without an error, the program ends. If not print The ruleset proposed by [username] has crashed. The game will proceed with the original ruleset. where [username] is the players username. Then proceed to the next player after them.

Note: After all the players have either proposed a rule or passed, start with the first player again.

This is code-golf. The shortest Nomic implementation wins! (You get 0 characters off your score if you show an example game you played with your friends. This bonus is doubled if all the revised rulesets are golfed.)

Answer 26

Output the Balmer Series

code-golf kolmogorov-complexity graphical-output

Challenge

Write a program which outputs the following image (note, it is an svg):

It is the emission spectrum of hydrogen, caused by the Balmer series: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series#5

Your program must not read the image from the internet or a local file.

The image may be to an image file or a graphics window. If not a vector, the image sides must be greater than 400 pixels.

Your image must have the same colours and same ratios of spacing between each line.

Winning

Shortest code wins.

Answer 27

Compute Area of Convex Hull of Roots of Polynomial

code-golfpolynomialgeometry

Given a nonzero polynomial with integer coefficients, find the area of the convex hull of the complex roots of the polynomial.

Details

The polynomial can be given in any reasonable format, e.g. as a list of coefficients. The area must be correct to 4 significant figures. You can assume that the degree of the polynomial is no larger than 8, and that the coefficients are less than 8^8 = 16777216, (and by Rouché's theorem the roots have therefore an absolute value of less than 8^8 + 1).

Example

The polynomial x^4 - 1 has the roots {1,-1,i,-i} which form the vertices of their convex hull, which is a square of sidelength sqrt(2) so the total area is 2.

The polynomial x^5 - x has the roots {1,-1,i,-i,0}. But the convex hull is again given by the vertices points {1,-1,i,-i}.

The constant polynomial 1 has no roots, and therefore the convex hull of its roots is empty.

The polynomial x^2 - 1 has the roots {1,-1}, so their convex hull is just a line segment, which has no area.

In the following the polynomials are given as a list of coefficient of the monomials in descending degree. (i.e. the constant comes last)

[1,2,3,4,1] 2.0382
[1,2,3,4,5] 3.5830
[1,-1,1,-1] 1.0000
[a,b] 0 (where a != 0 and b arbitrary)

Answer 28

Hidden Strings

This is real rough, I just wanted to get the idea down.

The strings utility that comes on many GNU/Linux distros finds the strings in executables and lists them. The goal of this challenge is to write a program that has a null-terminated string in the compiled executable (compiled languages only, sorry) but that string does not appear in the source. The scoring is the ratio of the length of the hidden string to the size of your source code.

The following constraints apply:

The string must be entirely dictionary words from todo dictionary with length greater than 2 concatenated together without spaces and without punctuation. If xyz and abc are words in the dictionary, the following is a valid string: xyzabcxyzabc, but the following is not xyabcz (assuming that it is not a concatenation of other strings in the dictionary). For those of you who care, if E is the dictionary of words of length greater than 2, then strings must be in E* where * is the Kleene star.

"Hidden" means that the string and its substrings may not appear as strings or characters in your source. This definition needs a bunch of work.

This challenge was supposed to be something like "Hey, how would you hide a funny string so that it doesn't appear obviously in the source, but does appear when someone looks at the executable". I welcome all suggestions because as I have it currently stated, I think there are a lot of problems.

Answer 29

Write a TIO bot

Write a program/function which:

1. Takes three strings Language, Code, and Input

2. Do one of the following:

   1. Assume access to a browser open on https://tio.run/nexus/; click [data-id="Language"

3. Go to https://tio.run/nexus/Language/

4. Enters Code in the <textarea id="code">
5. Enters Input in the <textarea id="input">
6. Clicks the <span id="run">
7. Waits for any of these things to happen:
   1. <textarea class="output"> changes
   2. <textarea id="debug"> changes
   3. 60 seconds pass
8. Returns/prints the content of <textarea class="output">

Alternatively, you may use the TIO API.

code-golfinternet

Answer 30

Convert ambiguous dates to "the correct way" (YYYY-MM-DD)

A problem I run into often with spreadsheets of data is dealing with dates of unknown ordering.

Your task is to take a series of dates that are in one of the following three formats, and output them as YYYY-MM-DD:

• DD/MM/YYYY
• MM/DD/YYYY
• YYYY-MM-DD

No other date formats are acceptable.

Since many dates are ambiguous, you must read all the dates to determine whether the set is MM/DD or DD/MM before outputting anything.

Your program must also detect the following error conditions and return an error code instead (with no other output):

• -1: Unable to determine date ordering. (All dates provided could be DD/MM or MM/DD)
• -2: Inconsistent date ordering. (There are dates provided that are definitely DD/MM and others that are definitely MM/DD, within the same set).
• -3: Bad data. (There are things included that are not valid dates, as defined above, including things like 31/04/2017 and 12/1/1980).

For the purposes of this challenge, February always has 28 days, April, June, September and November have 30 days, and all others have 31 days. All years, from 0001 to 9999 are equivalent.

Sample input/output

['11/05/1988','12/12/1960'] => -1
['15/05/1988','03/18/2001'] => -2
['15/05/1988','31/06/1989'] => -3
['15/05/1988','2014-02-02', '18/03/2001'] => ['1988-05-15','2014-02-02', '2001-03-18']
['05/15/1988','03/18/2001'] => ['1988-05-15','2001-03-18']

I/O

You can receive data in whatever way is normal for your language (line-separated stdin, array of strings, whatever). You may assume that the data you receive is of the correct type (ie, your array won't contain integers, nulls etc), but may contain empty strings.

If outputting to standard output, errors can be sent to stderr, or as program termination code. If implementing a function, you can return an integer instead of an array, throw an error, or whatever seems natural.

Scoring

The score for your program is L - 2Y + 20D where:

• L is the length of your code, in bytes
• Y is 2017 minus the year in which the first version of the language you're using was published.
• D is the number of times the letters 'date', in any case, appear consecutively in your code.

For the purpose of Y, all versions of Lisp are 59, C is 39, C++ is 32, all EcmaScripts are 20 etc. Languages are considered the same if they have the same name (other than the version number). (No cheating by using some golf language that happens to be called C though.)

Tags

code-golf (what else?)