Sandbox for Proposed Challenges

Question

What is the Sandbox?

This "Sandbox" is a place where Code Golf users can get feedback on prospective challenges they wish to post to the main page. This is useful because writing a clear and fully specified challenge on the first try can be difficult. There is a much better chance of your challenge being well received if you post it in the Sandbox first.

To post to the Sandbox, scroll to the bottom of this page or click on the "Add Proposal" link below, and click "Answer This Question". Click "OK" when it asks if you really want to add another answer. Write your challenge just as you would when actually posting it. You may also add some notes about specific things you would like to clarify before posting it. Other users will help you improve your challenge by rating and discussing it. When you think your challenge is ready for the public, go ahead and post it, replace the post here with a link to the challenge and delete it.

See the Sandbox FAQ for more information on how to use the Sandbox.

The Sandbox works best if you sort posts by "active".

Add Proposal

Search the Sandbox

• Most people include applicable tags in their proposal, so for instance you can search for all king-of-the-hill proposals by merely adding the tag name in quotes to the search query.

Browse your pending proposals

Get the Sandbox Viewer to view the sandbox more easily

To add an inline tag to a proposal use shortcut link syntax with a prefix: [tag:king-of-the-hill]

Answer 1

Keyboard Row Shift

Given an input string of characters, output the number of times we have to shift to another row while typing that string using a qwerty keyboard.

The input string will contain lower case alphabets,numbers and spaces. The newline key(enter) must also be considered at the end (only at the end). All shifts, from any row to any other will be considered as 1 shift only.

Layout:

1234567890
qwertyuiop
asdfghjkl enter
zxcvbnm
space

Examples:

"sdkflsd" -> 0
"asdwexc" -> 3 # to end the string one enter has to pressed which is in the middle
"poierlkdjfpoeirldskjf" ->3
"123 jkjk" -> 2
"llsdkfj ldkfj" -> 2
"lkasdjmnbcv " -> 3
"jnjn 5" -> 6

This is code-golf, so shortest code wins.

Answer 2

Not All Sums Are Equal

code-golfmathnumerical-analysissum

Introduction

When computing the sum of a list of floating point values, the order in which we add up the summands matters. A good way to reduce errors is beginning with the summand with the least modulus and working your way up to the numbers with a greater modulus. As an illustrative example, let us assume our computer uses floating point numbers that comprise 2 (decimal) digits \$m_1,m_2\$ for the mantissa (and a sufficiently large number of digits for the exponent \$e\$.) These represent a number \$0.m_1m_2 \cdot 10^e\$. Let us consider the list

[0.1, 0.009, 0.009]

The exact result would obviously be \$0.118\$, and the best approximation in our computer therefore \$0.12\$. But if we actually tell the computer to sum those numbers, it will truncate all intermediate results, so it will get:

 (0.1 + 0.009) + 0.009 = 0.1 + 0.009 = 0.1

If we use the recipe from above and sort the list by the modulus first, we get

(0.009 + 0.009) + 0.1 = 0.018 + 0.1 = 0.11

which is already closer to the exact result. So we see that any permutation in the order of the summation might produce a different sum. In order to estimate the possible error we're interested in the difference between the greatest and the least sum we can get by just using a permutations of the original list. This is the task of this challenge.

Examples

The following examples assume that you use IEEE-754 double numbers in your implementation. You can of course use other implementations, but the results might be different:

[0.0140534017661288 0.50942429920538 1 1.96300019759529 71.1571487560538]
1.42108547152020e-14
[-0.447570988743782 -0.30397649549556 0 0.765285061877593 3.30425088014391]
8.88178419700125e-16

Answer 3

Given a program in your language, generate another program that do exactly the same thing so every bytes in it are prime.

Shortest generator in every language win. No acception.

Nop in languages that only allow prime bytes are legit, but just don't post them(or make a community answer to put them)

Answer 4

Are these strings character wise translatable? code-golf string decision-problem

Explanation with example:

Suppose you are given two strings of the same length, e.g. "code" and "golf". Try to find a set of translation rules for characters (like "All cs are replaced by gs" , or c -> g for short) such that applying those rules on "code" yields "golf" and applying them to "golf" again yields "code".

If there is such a set of translation rules, return a truthy value. Otherwise, if no such set can exist, return a falsy value.

In our example, the translation is possible with the rules g -> c, d -> l, e -> f, c -> g, l -> d and f -> e, so a truthy value should be returned.

However, if the two strings were "code" and "meta", no such rules exist: To get from "code" to "meta" we need the rule e -> a, but to get from "meta" to "code" we would need e -> o. But e cannot be translated into two different characters! Therefore, a falsy value should be returned.

Consise mathy explanation:

Given two strings \$s\$ and \$t\$ of the same length \$n\$, decide whether the following relation is bijective: $$\{(s_i,t_i)\ |\ 1 \leqslant i \leqslant n\} \cup \{(t_i,s_i)\ |\ 1 \leqslant i \leqslant n\}$$ where \$s_i\$ denotes the \$i^{th}\$ character of string \$s\$.

Test cases

truthy:

"code", "golf"
"a", "a"
"abdabdcdacabcabd", "bacbacdcbdbadbac"
TODO: Add some more

falsy:

"code", "meta"
"aa", "ab"
"abc", "bca"
TODO: Add some more

Answer 5

Guess the Q in the code

A popular puzzle known to me as Codewords takes a Crossword-like grid and consistently replaces each letter with a code value, usually a number from 1 to 26, and the solver then has to work out which code value represents each letter. There are a number of approaches to this:

• There is a web site which can search for words given the pattern of repeating letters. Since repeated letters map to repeated code values, you can sometimes use the patten of repeated code values to determine the original word. For instance, the only word with the pattern 12.312..3... is churchwarden.
• The puzzle normally provides a few of the letters to get you started. This may be enough to use a standard crossword solver to determine the original word. For instance, .h...h...d.. would again point you to the word churchwarden.
• You could use frequency analysis to guess which letters are likely to be the popular letters such as e or t.
• You could look for common prefixes or suffixes such as ally or ness. (I picked those two as they have repeating letters which are easier to spot.)
• At least in all of the Codewords puzzles I have seen, q is always followed by a u and at least one letter. This means that if there is a code that is never the last or penultimate letter of a word, and always appears followed by the same code, then this could be a q.

However, checking all the codes to see how many distinct codes follow them is laborious. We need an automatic solution for this!

Please write a program or function that will guess which code(s) could represent the letter q. The input to the function will be an array of code values in a standard format. You will need to support 27 consistent distinct values, 26 for the codes themselves and a value for the background. These values can be integers but you could also use characters e.g. 26 letters and a space, in which case you can join them into strings, and even join the strings with a 28th character.

Your output will be all of the code values that have the property that, for each occurrence in the grid, either:

• The previous and following cells are background or would extend past the side of the grid, or
• There are two non-background following cells, and the first of those cells always contains the same value.

These rules apply in both the horizontal and vertical direction.

This is code-golf, so the shortest solution that breaks no standard loopholes wins!

Examples needed, I guess...

Answer 6

Hack g-code parser

Answer 7

Find the pattern v2

I feel tired to do "find the pattern" exercise such as

1 2 3 4 (5)
1 2 4 8 (16)
1 2 3 5 8 (13)

Please write a program that finds the pattern for me.

Here, we define the pattern as a recurrence relation that fits the given input, with the smallest score. If there are multiple answers with the same smallest score, using any one is fine.

Let the \$k\$ first terms be initial terms for the recurrence relation, and the \$i\$'th term be \$f(i)\$ (\$i>k,i\in\mathbb N\$).

• A non-negative integer \$x\$ adds\$1\$ to the score
• The current index \$i\$ adds \$1\$ to the score
• +, -, *, / (round up, down, towards zero, go further to zero, as you decide) and mod (a mod b always equal to a-b*(a/b)) each add \$1\$ to the score
• For each initial term \$x\$, add \$1\$ to the score
• \$f(i-n)\$ (with \$n\le k\$) adds \$1\$ to the score. E.g. Using the latest value \$f(i-1)\$ add \$1\$ to the score, and there must be at least 1 initial term.
• Using parentheses to change the calculation order doesn't add anything to the score.

Samples:

input   -> [score]    expression(not optimized)
1 2 3 4     -> [1]    f(i) = i
1 2 4 8     -> [3]    f(1) = 1, f(i) = 2*f(i-1)
1 2 3 5 8   -> [5]    f(1) = 1, f(2) = 2, f(i) = f(i-1)+f(i-2)

Lowest score for worse case wins. If tie, shortest program in each language wins. Your program should run in polynomial time.

If someone's score is lower than 4(currently reachable), the first lowest score will be accepted. (differ from winning criticia)

p.s. See history for v1 sandbox

Answer 8

User ranking in language

Challenge is:

• You need receive the input of "language". By "language" I mean the at left of the comma in the Title of an answer on the present code-golf site.
• The source for the data are the answers posted here on code-golf site.
• You must present results in order. Decreasing or Increasing does not matter, it only needs to be one of those two.
• Output is a table of two columns {User, Upvotes}. Example: User enters Java and will obtain a list as the following:

user_A 9523 user_B 6000 user_C 120

Do not care very much about the output formatting as long it is clear the separation between the two columns and each line.

The will be no winner as it is a per language code-golf question.

Answer 9

Concentration (or Memory or Match) is a game where players pick pairs of cards and try to find matches. The rules are as follows:

1. Two of each number from 1 to N are added to the deck.
2. The deck is shuffled and placed face-down (hidden).
3. The player selects a card. The card is revealed.
4. The player selects another card: The card is revealed.
5. If the two cards are different numbers, then they are hidden again.
6. Steps 3 through 5 are repeated until all cards are revealed.

For example, lets say I have the following cards: 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

Shuffle them: 1 4 3 1 4 3 2 2

Place them face down: X X X X X X X X

The player will then select a card: 1 X X X X X X X

And then another card: 1 X 3 X X X X X

The numbers don't match, so we put the cards face down, and select another card: X X X 1 X X X X

The player remembers the position of the other 1: 1 X X 1 X X X X

A match was found! These cards stay face-up, and we try again.

The challenge is to do this with limited memory. You need to write a function/program that takes two parameters:

• A list of cards (with a constant value representing the hidden cards)
• 32 bytes of data. This can be stored as a string, a large integer, etc.

Your function must use this data (and only this data) to select the next card to reveal, and then update the 32 bytes of data. You may use a random number generator for free (as long as you do not use the seed to store data)

After the game is over, the game is scored by counting the number of times a card was revealed.

Below, I have provided a list of test cases. Your score is the length of the first test case you complete with a score of greater than 2N+30 (N is the number of distinct cards). Hard coding is not allowed, and your function should get a similar score with a different set of test cases.

2 1 4 0 0 3 3 4 2 1
3 0 4 3 2 0 4 1 1 2
1 3 2 2 4 3 0 4 0 1
2 2 0 4 4 1 1 3 3 0
3 2 1 1 0 0 4 3 4 2
3 2 0 4 2 5 1 1 0 3 5 4
4 5 0 3 2 5 3 1 0 2 1 4
4 1 2 0 2 5 1 3 3 5 0 4
2 3 2 4 3 1 0 5 4 0 1 5
3 1 4 0 2 2 5 3 1 5 4 0
1 4 0 5 2 3 6 1 0 3 5 4 6 2
6 3 5 3 1 2 1 5 2 4 4 6 0 0
5 6 0 0 5 3 1 1 2 4 6 2 4 3
1 1 6 2 2 4 0 4 5 5 6 0 3 3
3 4 6 4 6 2 5 0 0 1 3 5 2 1
3 2 6 4 1 5 7 4 3 7 0 2 6 0 1 5
7 3 1 0 6 2 3 6 4 1 5 7 5 0 4 2
2 6 5 4 2 5 0 0 7 3 1 4 6 7 3 1
4 7 5 0 6 3 0 1 3 1 7 2 6 4 2 5
4 7 5 1 4 3 2 6 0 6 7 3 2 5 1 0
7 6 5 4 5 0 1 3 8 3 4 0 1 8 6 2 2 7
2 4 1 8 7 4 6 5 3 8 1 3 7 2 0 6 5 0
6 4 7 8 5 1 4 3 0 8 3 5 2 6 1 2 7 0
3 8 0 6 4 0 1 5 2 7 7 1 5 3 2 6 8 4
7 1 8 8 3 1 3 4 5 4 6 2 2 0 0 7 6 5
9 4 1 5 7 3 4 1 6 3 9 7 2 2 0 5 6 0 8 8
2 2 6 1 8 6 5 7 3 4 5 0 9 3 0 9 7 4 8 1
7 4 3 5 2 7 1 1 0 0 9 8 6 8 3 6 2 9 4 5
1 6 3 2 7 0 7 9 1 5 0 4 8 6 3 8 9 5 2 4
8 4 5 9 9 3 0 5 6 2 2 7 0 4 1 8 7 1 3 6
1 7 0 2 1 3 8 8 6 9 2 3 4 5 6 5 10 4 7 10 0 9
3 5 10 3 5 1 9 10 1 2 0 4 0 8 6 7 8 4 9 2 6 7
9 1 7 8 2 8 9 10 2 0 6 6 5 3 5 1 10 0 4 7 3 4
7 8 2 9 8 0 0 9 3 1 5 2 4 1 3 10 4 10 5 6 6 7
3 7 9 5 1 2 8 6 3 6 4 0 10 1 2 7 10 9 8 4 5 0
7 6 9 6 2 5 5 0 11 9 3 10 8 3 4 8 4 2 11 1 1 10 7 0
10 2 8 5 11 3 4 2 6 11 4 7 10 9 8 9 1 1 6 0 5 7 3 0
4 0 7 7 4 6 11 8 3 9 3 2 5 1 11 10 8 2 9 5 0 10 1 6
10 8 8 0 0 3 7 4 11 10 9 2 4 5 6 9 5 6 7 1 1 11 3 2
1 7 0 8 9 10 4 5 10 6 5 1 4 3 7 2 0 9 3 11 8 2 6 11
3 7 10 11 1 5 10 2 9 3 8 11 5 9 6 0 0 4 12 12 4 8 1 6 2 7
0 11 9 11 2 9 10 6 5 2 7 0 12 1 10 7 6 8 3 3 4 1 12 5 8 4
3 9 5 12 1 6 8 10 2 4 11 3 6 8 9 1 10 12 7 0 11 0 5 4 7 2
1 7 11 9 0 2 6 6 5 0 8 3 10 8 7 12 3 9 12 4 2 4 11 1 5 10
8 4 9 0 7 3 1 3 9 6 11 6 8 2 12 10 2 12 5 5 0 1 10 7 4 11
13 4 13 4 1 2 9 8 10 7 3 12 2 0 5 6 0 5 8 6 9 12 11 10 1 7 3 11
13 0 0 6 1 4 11 3 12 9 2 10 9 2 7 8 12 5 7 6 11 4 10 1 5 3 13 8
13 10 3 6 12 1 0 8 5 6 3 11 4 9 2 9 8 11 12 2 5 7 7 1 4 10 0 13
7 4 11 8 10 1 6 0 3 10 6 0 8 2 11 5 3 1 7 13 9 13 12 9 4 2 5 12
13 5 7 6 1 12 8 2 8 0 5 7 10 6 4 11 12 1 2 10 3 13 11 3 0 9 9 4
9 2 4 3 7 4 2 7 10 5 13 6 5 12 8 11 0 8 14 11 0 6 1 9 3 13 14 1 10 12
8 14 8 7 11 7 2 12 4 5 13 6 1 3 5 0 1 4 9 0 10 2 11 12 13 6 3 14 10 9
4 9 5 1 5 10 2 11 2 9 13 10 3 13 12 8 7 1 6 8 14 0 4 12 14 11 3 7 6 0
5 10 4 3 2 4 2 3 9 13 14 6 0 11 5 13 12 8 0 9 7 8 6 11 14 1 12 10 1 7
11 1 10 8 0 12 9 1 7 4 4 12 6 8 14 5 10 5 14 0 11 3 7 9 2 2 3 13 6 13
0 8 15 6 4 1 9 8 14 13 2 11 4 6 9 14 0 2 3 5 1 15 5 10 13 12 3 7 12 7 10 11
13 3 4 13 2 12 9 1 5 1 6 7 11 9 10 0 15 14 12 15 14 8 7 3 4 5 8 11 0 2 10 6
6 1 7 9 3 1 15 7 5 14 9 14 0 8 10 0 4 12 12 13 3 6 11 4 15 2 11 5 2 13 8 10
2 0 14 7 13 13 15 7 3 8 15 5 10 12 4 5 3 14 9 6 12 10 9 11 8 6 1 1 4 11 2 0
3 13 12 4 10 13 8 0 7 11 11 6 8 1 12 5 5 9 6 10 14 3 2 9 14 4 1 15 15 7 0 2
16 12 7 14 13 5 5 4 11 0 0 9 12 15 15 9 14 2 6 3 11 8 16 10 6 13 3 1 2 8 1 7 10 4
5 5 10 4 9 15 0 11 11 1 13 15 9 0 3 1 16 6 8 7 2 6 8 2 14 14 16 4 3 12 12 13 10 7
0 6 7 4 12 16 0 3 6 1 7 12 8 13 15 9 2 11 2 15 11 10 5 13 14 5 9 14 3 8 4 16 1 10
8 0 1 2 16 11 3 2 15 4 15 5 14 9 13 7 14 9 10 12 11 12 16 6 13 6 1 5 10 0 7 8 4 3
9 16 15 13 11 2 5 6 16 3 9 4 10 14 14 12 8 11 0 6 0 15 10 7 13 5 1 12 3 4 2 1 7 8
11 15 14 3 8 12 17 15 1 0 12 6 9 0 9 13 11 14 16 2 4 5 13 16 10 7 8 5 10 4 17 3 6 7 1 2
11 14 5 7 14 0 12 4 8 12 11 13 16 16 15 6 3 1 8 3 1 5 7 17 10 2 17 13 15 9 9 4 2 0 6 10
15 13 6 12 5 4 9 2 11 2 13 16 3 9 1 16 10 11 1 12 14 17 8 0 17 6 8 10 5 0 7 4 14 7 3 15
0 9 13 15 8 11 6 5 9 16 11 7 14 7 5 15 3 12 4 16 2 14 3 0 1 10 13 1 6 10 17 2 17 8 4 12
10 13 14 10 5 7 16 8 8 7 6 3 0 2 17 17 2 1 15 16 3 4 5 0 12 9 1 12 14 11 13 9 15 6 4 11
7 14 0 13 15 6 12 1 14 16 10 15 8 11 0 9 2 3 4 18 12 17 8 13 9 6 4 11 5 1 5 16 17 3 18 10 7 2
12 9 17 2 7 12 4 15 13 0 17 9 11 3 6 4 8 5 11 16 8 1 7 0 13 15 16 10 3 14 18 2 14 1 10 6 18 5
4 0 5 14 7 8 1 0 12 15 11 2 11 5 3 9 15 17 6 8 7 10 12 3 6 16 2 18 16 13 4 14 9 17 13 18 1 10
13 13 18 9 0 17 12 17 8 0 14 16 14 6 10 6 9 15 1 15 2 4 11 5 1 3 4 3 11 2 5 16 8 7 10 7 18 12
18 11 13 6 14 9 13 14 9 18 17 11 0 1 17 2 0 6 10 3 8 4 1 5 15 7 5 2 12 15 4 8 7 16 10 12 3 16
0 17 5 6 19 0 11 1 7 18 9 14 16 2 16 13 1 4 3 17 15 7 10 2 15 9 18 13 8 14 6 12 5 10 3 8 11 19 12 4
4 3 10 12 2 7 9 11 0 16 16 7 19 2 13 3 12 10 5 18 4 15 15 0 11 19 18 13 14 1 5 17 6 9 14 8 6 17 8 1
0 17 16 11 7 19 8 5 17 16 14 1 10 6 11 7 15 10 14 13 15 4 2 4 1 9 6 3 13 18 18 0 19 3 9 12 8 5 2 12
10 15 10 0 2 14 3 19 1 18 4 14 8 2 5 17 4 11 17 12 13 16 9 3 0 13 7 5 18 6 8 9 12 1 19 16 11 7 6 15
15 2 16 4 14 0 1 5 12 18 10 12 4 14 16 11 8 7 13 15 11 3 19 10 3 9 17 6 13 19 9 1 0 18 8 2 7 5 17 6
1 12 17 7 8 8 12 20 5 10 20 16 13 3 18 15 5 4 10 9 6 14 11 6 7 15 16 19 0 1 9 18 19 2 2 3 13 4 17 0 11 14
7 17 2 12 19 9 0 11 17 4 12 0 10 11 16 14 3 20 7 15 2 9 8 18 16 19 5 3 8 14 6 18 1 13 5 1 4 15 13 10 6 20
0 18 12 4 20 7 14 5 10 16 1 13 9 15 12 0 6 19 2 5 16 10 1 17 15 11 20 3 14 2 18 3 17 11 7 8 4 8 6 19 13 9
9 18 15 0 16 7 19 4 13 20 5 10 2 2 0 12 8 6 3 15 16 14 17 7 10 3 13 6 1 20 1 17 19 11 5 4 12 14 11 8 9 18
13 6 16 11 20 3 10 8 5 7 17 15 14 0 7 6 14 17 4 15 2 12 8 1 13 18 11 10 1 9 20 16 5 19 18 2 12 19 3 9 4 0
4 5 16 11 2 1 14 9 16 6 20 21 0 13 12 13 7 8 15 11 10 18 14 3 15 5 21 18 12 17 19 9 0 19 7 4 3 20 1 8 2 10 6 17
10 6 7 0 18 1 19 5 8 12 15 2 5 4 11 20 16 17 13 14 17 1 16 9 21 21 0 3 6 3 2 7 8 13 19 20 14 15 9 11 10 4 18 12
2 20 12 21 10 4 8 11 13 3 20 1 6 21 12 13 4 17 19 16 17 15 14 9 16 9 5 10 8 6 11 18 1 5 2 18 0 0 3 7 19 14 15 7
16 0 17 8 11 6 3 18 9 16 14 20 12 12 10 1 14 1 10 21 4 19 0 2 13 3 15 17 21 9 6 18 2 20 4 11 7 19 5 8 7 5 13 15
3 4 4 10 0 3 16 14 19 8 17 9 5 9 6 12 7 13 13 1 15 0 5 20 2 7 1 17 21 11 11 18 20 6 15 16 2 12 14 19 8 10 18 21
12 11 7 8 8 10 9 18 5 6 15 12 10 0 14 3 6 22 17 15 17 21 14 16 9 4 18 13 1 11 4 20 3 19 22 1 13 7 21 5 0 20 2 2 16 19
2 20 10 17 6 0 21 10 19 4 12 8 0 7 18 15 17 18 9 4 2 14 1 5 14 6 16 22 13 11 11 15 21 3 7 19 8 9 22 20 3 16 13 1 12 5
12 11 6 16 18 15 12 11 10 9 8 15 22 5 21 18 20 0 2 19 17 8 10 5 3 14 9 22 20 3 1 21 19 6 0 16 1 13 4 14 2 13 17 4 7 7
20 5 16 4 17 7 8 15 0 10 9 3 16 13 8 12 1 14 17 11 18 11 2 7 6 1 4 20 3 5 22 22 2 6 13 10 19 15 12 14 18 9 0 19 21 21
11 1 0 5 7 15 0 12 3 9 6 15 7 13 11 20 9 17 8 4 22 4 10 5 21 18 16 14 13 10 18 12 21 17 16 2 6 22 3 14 19 1 8 19 20 2
10 10 18 6 4 1 9 6 15 7 7 11 21 13 15 21 22 16 12 20 2 18 3 17 19 14 14 0 16 5 3 4 1 9 13 11 22 20 19 8 5 0 23 17 23 2 8 12
3 3 19 13 5 10 17 18 4 16 6 2 21 4 12 7 13 8 7 10 6 2 1 15 5 21 23 22 0 11 9 16 20 11 20 23 1 14 18 8 14 19 9 17 0 15 22 12
14 7 15 20 19 7 13 0 20 2 18 1 11 21 17 12 16 10 8 3 15 2 22 23 18 16 9 1 3 13 10 19 8 11 6 4 5 22 0 17 21 23 14 4 12 9 6 5
1 12 15 21 11 21 18 6 4 22 5 23 14 19 13 8 15 7 5 0 8 13 16 4 1 6 12 11 14 18 20 17 9 23 19 3 2 17 9 0 16 7 3 20 10 22 2 10
23 9 15 10 13 17 17 21 12 18 2 20 3 8 0 16 2 12 6 20 7 19 16 0 8 9 4 6 5 13 18 14 1 19 21 3 22 15 1 4 22 10 5 7 11 14 11 23
3 21 22 5 19 7 2 24 18 19 9 2 24 14 6 0 12 0 21 18 23 15 8 11 6 4 8 17 16 20 14 16 4 7 10 11 1 9 17 3 23 10 20 5 13 22 13 1 12 15
13 6 5 22 1 17 2 21 5 0 14 24 19 21 7 19 6 23 12 14 4 9 3 22 15 9 2 16 20 7 13 12 8 23 18 0 15 10 8 24 20 16 3 1 4 11 10 18 17 11
12 6 19 0 9 14 22 2 13 20 19 9 6 3 21 20 24 0 4 24 1 5 11 15 1 21 8 5 16 16 23 18 7 11 10 17 15 12 3 22 7 10 2 23 17 8 14 4 13 18
6 22 2 18 16 19 12 0 17 14 23 4 6 17 3 10 4 22 13 9 20 19 0 9 8 1 24 2 23 14 11 5 7 16 13 10 12 8 7 3 20 21 15 5 18 21 11 1 15 24
18 12 6 22 19 19 9 24 5 14 13 2 22 8 4 16 3 9 18 8 0 10 23 10 2 20 21 5 23 20 1 11 0 17 7 7 17 12 15 3 16 15 13 24 14 4 6 21 11 1
7 14 19 5 4 17 1 22 23 24 12 1 20 6 24 7 21 10 8 11 20 3 25 13 0 2 16 21 0 6 9 11 4 18 22 2 15 5 18 8 13 12 3 14 23 10 17 9 16 15 25 19
10 4 1 13 11 24 7 12 15 20 11 0 23 23 5 7 25 25 17 8 20 24 2 22 19 9 12 16 4 6 21 9 17 6 5 15 10 0 18 8 22 2 14 16 3 19 21 18 1 3 13 14
16 22 3 2 25 21 11 1 10 12 4 15 0 2 13 11 3 14 19 1 18 12 8 23 18 22 9 16 4 0 20 9 17 24 7 10 6 8 23 25 15 7 21 20 19 5 14 13 6 5 17 24
21 20 8 16 1 18 4 0 14 5 22 3 0 23 22 1 9 4 24 7 21 2 23 15 11 12 14 25 8 12 7 15 13 18 3 19 10 2 5 10 16 24 19 13 6 20 6 9 17 11 17 25
6 24 17 18 24 22 10 11 20 16 16 3 4 21 23 25 14 1 0 1 7 2 5 13 6 4 10 21 17 14 23 11 9 9 15 25 0 19 19 12 20 22 12 13 15 2 3 8 5 18 8 7
11 16 25 6 19 5 26 17 24 6 12 4 15 18 21 7 10 5 23 3 13 8 13 23 20 8 11 12 9 22 1 14 21 2 25 10 15 9 0 2 0 26 3 24 17 22 14 4 18 16 20 19 1 7
26 0 19 3 0 20 1 25 13 3 12 6 20 11 21 13 2 11 23 15 17 15 24 23 10 8 26 5 18 9 16 18 4 9 19 10 14 7 22 17 22 4 16 8 24 2 25 5 14 12 6 21 1 7
9 25 13 14 19 17 20 2 11 5 19 23 25 21 0 16 8 15 7 16 24 24 3 15 20 10 8 4 0 12 13 22 9 4 26 18 22 2 23 18 3 6 6 12 17 26 21 10 1 11 14 7 5 1
17 4 20 23 13 0 3 26 25 16 3 2 13 10 8 12 9 5 14 2 26 25 21 23 22 17 7 14 24 1 4 15 19 16 12 5 9 22 1 20 19 7 11 6 21 15 11 18 6 8 18 0 10 24
14 12 3 17 7 2 19 11 0 21 10 24 4 6 8 8 25 4 6 23 9 1 25 15 12 9 23 10 2 26 1 0 11 7 19 13 18 3 17 13 16 26 20 20 16 15 22 22 18 14 5 24 21 5
4 15 22 10 27 14 7 0 2 17 3 6 20 18 0 16 21 4 3 11 11 12 23 5 15 22 9 17 2 1 10 18 25 14 27 19 16 23 20 21 6 25 26 24 13 1 24 26 9 13 8 19 8 7 5 12
3 17 8 9 3 9 23 15 10 25 0 6 26 21 11 12 27 1 11 13 14 2 6 1 20 7 19 24 22 14 22 25 16 17 26 5 24 27 12 13 18 4 23 20 19 4 7 15 21 8 5 16 10 2 0 18
9 11 14 21 3 12 10 4 14 1 5 18 27 9 6 0 3 19 7 12 17 26 26 25 15 11 16 24 17 18 20 8 7 19 15 1 4 13 22 23 8 25 20 16 22 2 6 0 10 5 2 24 23 21 13 27
7 23 2 26 5 24 19 17 2 18 11 7 16 5 8 26 24 21 8 14 10 16 18 9 27 1 4 22 15 25 17 4 0 0 21 3 15 12 11 23 19 27 10 13 6 22 3 14 6 13 12 9 20 1 20 25
17 4 24 21 11 22 12 13 0 1 17 23 15 4 6 2 27 14 3 16 8 13 3 5 2 6 0 9 23 14 25 26 10 18 19 26 8 11 10 20 21 18 22 20 25 9 7 12 1 7 19 16 5 27 15 24
8 27 28 24 9 9 16 22 13 20 23 25 13 21 0 26 21 8 16 24 27 18 26 23 3 7 3 25 22 15 14 6 5 7 11 4 1 20 17 19 17 12 4 14 2 1 5 18 2 28 12 0 10 19 15 11 6 10
21 9 3 23 27 4 15 22 12 2 16 26 4 13 28 16 20 6 6 3 10 1 18 5 11 0 21 7 8 25 23 17 9 15 22 14 24 2 5 10 12 17 20 1 24 7 18 0 14 26 19 13 28 25 11 8 27 19
26 10 19 20 17 10 9 19 7 15 4 27 0 15 18 2 6 2 22 6 12 25 11 9 24 26 5 11 5 21 17 7 8 4 18 14 16 24 28 1 3 28 27 14 12 8 13 13 23 3 16 23 25 21 22 0 1 20
1 0 19 11 20 17 8 3 2 18 7 18 21 5 26 9 10 6 20 2 28 8 26 19 21 17 16 14 3 14 22 12 13 6 24 9 10 22 0 27 11 13 27 7 15 4 28 1 16 23 25 23 25 12 24 15 4 5
5 9 12 7 19 25 6 24 12 6 25 3 1 16 28 2 3 14 16 4 5 26 7 8 20 19 18 22 10 27 13 28 21 17 11 26 4 18 0 20 27 24 15 10 23 11 0 21 9 22 13 14 8 1 17 15 23 2

Answer 10

Lunar Arithmetic

Lunar Arithmetic (also called dismal arithmetic, a play on decimal) is an alternative to elemental arithmetic in which only addition and multiplication is defined, and then only for non-negative integers. For single-digit numbers, addition is defined as the maximum of the two digits, and multiplication is defined as the smaller of the two digits. For example:

2 + 5 = 5 + 2 = 5
2 * 5 = 5 * 2 = 2

To extend lunar addition to multi-digit numbers, simply consider the digits individually, counting empty digit places as zeroes as required. For example, consider 169 + 84:

  1 6 9
+   8 4
  -----
  1 8 9

Lunar multiplication can now be dealt with in the same way as normal long multiplication, using the lunar rules for addition and multiplication. For example, consider 169 * 84:

    1 6 9
*     8 4
  -------
    1 4 4    (169 * 4)
+ 1 6 8      (169 * 8)
  -------
  1 6 8 4

The challenge

Write a function or program which, when given two integers, returns the result of their lunar addition and their lunar multiplication, in any order.

• The input pair may be presented as a two-element list or array.
• Input numbers may be provided in any reasonable format, including as a string, or as a list of digits.
• Output may similarly be in any reasonable format.
• The two output numbers must be separated in an unambiguous way, such as with newlines, spaces, as elements of a list or array.
• Links to online demonstrations are appreciated, but not required.
• Standard loopholes are disallowed.
• This is code-golf, so shortest code in bytes per language wins!

In your submission, please specify the order in which the two results are presented, and your input and output formats if they are out of the ordinary.

Test cases

Test cases go here

Resources

Original paper outlining dismal arithmetic

Numberphile video discussing lunar arithmetic

Tags

code-golf math arithmetic

---

Sandbox business

I see this as the potential starting point for a number of Lunar arithmetic challenges, such as computing the result of a longer calculation (such as 12+345*67*8), identification of lunar primes, lunar prime factorisation, methods of implementing subtraction and division... Of course that all depends on the response to this challenge. Any feedback on how to make this challenge better would be much appreciated!

Answer 11

Posted: FreeChat Online

Answer 12

Simple ASCII Representation of a Screw Head

kolmogorov-complexity

Inputs are a string and a number.

If the string is "Slot", the number will be 0, 60, 90, or 120. If the number is 0, output --; if 60, output /; if 90, output |, if 120, output \.

If the string is "Phillips", the number will be 0, 45, 90, or 135. If it's 0 or 90, output +; otherwise output x.

If the string is "Torx", the number will be 0, 60, or 120. Regardless of the value, output *.

If the string is "Spanner", the number will be 0 or 90. Output .. for 0 and : for 90.

Behavior for all other inputs is undefined.

[Is this challenge too simple? If so, could more test cases help?]

Answer 13

Display a rational tangle [WIP]

code-golf math arithmetic ascii-art

In a quest to classify mathematical knots, J. H. Conway discovered that certain simpler knotlike structures called rational tangles can be uniquely represented by rational numbers.

A tangle is an arrangement of two strands of rope such that each of the four ends lies at one corner of a rectangle. The four exceptional tangles are 0, 1, -1, and a special case usually referred to as 0/0 or ∞. A rational tangle is a tangle that can be obtained from the exceptional tangles by the following operations.

An example of a rational tangle, and the tangles 0/0, 0, 1, and -1 respectively.

The rational tangle operations

Because every rational number can be obtained by addition, negation, and reciprocal, there exists some rational tangle corresponding to every rational number.

If tangle a and b have rational number values x and `y respectively, then the operations in the diagram result in the following values.

Tangle |  Value
-a          -x
1/a         1/x
a + b      x + y
a b       -x + y
a , b     -x + -y   

Challenge

Using the below representations of the four exceptional rational tangles, display an ASCII art rational tangle corresponding to a given rational number.

Exceptional rational tangles

\_/   \ /
 _    | |
/ \   / \

3x3 ASCII art representing the rational tangles 1/0 and 0

\ /   \ /
 \     /
/ \   / \

The rational tangles 1 and -1, illustrating how to display crossings

Displaying more complex rational tangles

Adding and rotating the above 3x3 blocks and rotation can yield any rational tangle.

• To flip a rational tangle over the line x=y, switch all instances of 1 and -1, switch all instances of 0/0 and 0, and replace all extenders (below) as appropriate.

• To rotate a rational tangle by 90 degrees in either direction, rotate the ASCII art by 90 degrees in that direction, switch all \ and /, switch all instances of 0/0 and 0, and replace all extenders (below) as appropriate.

• To add two rational tangles, juxtapose them in the appropriate direction and orientation, adding extenders if dimensions do not match. Then surround the result with the following.

Pattern to surround the sum of two tangles in:

\ ... /
       
⋮      ⋮
       
/ ... \

Extenders:

 \        /
  |      |
 ...    ...
  |      |
   \    /

\_..._
      \

 _..._/
/

Examples

One possible representation of the tangle obtained through the equation [...]. This tangle is congruent to [...] because =.

 \       /
  \_   _/ 
    \ /  
     /   
  __/ \_ 
 /      \
 \      / 
  \ /\ / 
   \  \  
  / \/ \
 /      \
/        \

Input

A rational number. If you instead take input as an ordered pair (numerator,denominator) of integers, you will have denominator >= 0. (Denominator 0 is necessary to represent 0/0.)

Output

An ASCII-art representation of the rational tangle corresponding to said number, where a crossing is displayed as one of the above. Whitespace can occur anywhere. Output can contain unnecessary copies of 0, or have other variations as long as the rational tangle is obtained by operations whose corresponding arithmetic operations result in the input.

Further sources

A further explanation of tangles and rational tangles: (https://rationaltangle.wordpress.com/what-are-tanglesrational-tangles/)

---

TODO: Reciprocal operation, better example, reference implementation

Should continued fraction representations be acceptable?

Since this is probably a difficult challenge and answers to such are undervoted, I'm prepared to award a bounty to the shortest answer and any improvement thereon.

This is getting more unwieldy. I'm thinking of simplifying into a challenge to simply add two rational tangles.

Answer 14

Octonion multiplication code-golf math complex-numbers

Background

Octonion is a further extension to the quaternion number system. An octonion can be written as

$$ x = x_0 e_0 + x_1 e_1 + x_2 e_2 + x_3 e_3 + x_4 e_4 + x_5 e_5 + x_6 e_6 + x_7 e_7 $$

where \$ x_i \$ are real numbers and \$ e_i \$ are the eight unit octonions.

Octonion multiplication has the following properties:

• It is not commutative, i.e. \$ xy \ne yx \$.
• It is not associative, i.e. \$ x(yz) \ne (xy)z \$.
• But, luckily, multiplication is distributive over addition, i.e. \$ x(y+z) = xy + xz \$ and \$ (x+y)z = xz + yz\$.

The multiplication rule for unit octonions is presented below:

(will add a table from Wikipedia)

The unit octonions have several properties:

• \$ e_0 \$ behaves like a real number 1.
• \$ e_i^2 = -1 \$ and \$ e_i e_j = -e_j e_i \$ for \$ 1 \le i,j \le 7, i \ne j \$.

Task

Multiply two octonion numbers.

Input & output

You can accept and output an octonion as any kind of consistent structure consisting of eight real numbers (four complex numbers or two quaternions or a mixture of types is also fine).

Test cases

Coming soon.

Scoring & winning criterion

Standard code-golf rules apply. The shortest program or function in bytes for each language wins.

Answer 15

Tetris battle

tetris king-of-the-hill javascript

---

I guess you know what Tetris is, but if you don't I'll try to explain:

So there is a 2 dimensional board, often with size 10x20. On the top of the board, in the middle, there is a random tetrominoe (also rotated randomly), a figure made of 4 squares. There are 7 shapes:

L    J   S    Z    T   O   I

#    #   ##  ##   ###  ##  #
#    #  ##    ##   #   ##  #
##  ##                     #
                           #

Every second, the tetrominoe (later called "block") will move 1 cell to the bottom until there is no space left. Player can control it - Move it to left, right, rotate it by 90 degrees (left or right) or speed up its fall. When it can't fall down further, a new block is created and you take the control over it, losing possibility to move the previous block.

The target is to get as much points as possible. Player can get them, by filling a line (which is then removed), for example:

        !
        !
        !
****####!$ <- user scores a point, the line is now removed
 &&&&  $$$ 

different character is a different block

Player can lose if there is no place for a new block to spawn.

You can play Tetris online here

---

The battle

In this challenge, you will have to create a bot to play Tetris. Unlike a normal playthrough, there will be two players playing on a single board.

Let's call the bots A and B.

Block spawning

Every block will start on the left, or right side, depending which bot's it is (left - A, right - B). There will be a 2 block margin, so the block will have some space to rotate. Block will always spawn with left/right align, not centered.

If a block can't fit, it will try to rotate, so it can be placed. If all 4 directions fail, you die.

Example for 10 width board:

--A----B--

Random size board

Width: random even number between 8 and 16.

Height: random number between 15 and 25.

It's to make it a bit harder. Try to plan your strategy so it fits all the heights!

Scoring

You gain 1 point per destroyed block. Some bonus rules apply:

Enemy's block isn't my block

You can't use blocks placed by your enemy to gain score. After adding the last block to a line, you gain as much score as much sub-blocks you placed in it. Enemy sub-blocks don't count. Example:

Player A filled the line.
AAAABBBAAB
Player A gets 6 points.
Player B doesn't earn any.

Combos

If you do a move that removes more than just 1 line, you gain x times more score. Of course, x is the amount of lines.

Player A filled the line
--ABBB
AAABBBABBB <
BBBBBBABBB <
BBBBAAABBB < 
 B AA ABBB
Player A removed 3 lines.
Player A removed 12 (4+5+3) blocks he owns.
Player A scores 36 points.

Death & Game Over

When a new fails to spawn, it tries to rotate 90, 180, 270 or 360 degrees. If it still can't spawn. You lose. Note it won't try to change it's position, so be careful and try to not put any blocks in the spawn area.

When you die, you can't place any more blocks.

• In case your enemy has more points than you, you lose.
• Otherwise, the game doesn't end yet – the enemy will get double points for the next 10 blocks. The game will end when the bonus ends, when he beats your score or when he dies.

When the game is over, the bot with more points win.

The game will also end automatically after 300 actions. See API > Actions section for more information.

Controller

Work in progress. https://github.com/Soaku/Tetris-KOTH

API

Can't really tell you how it's gonna look like without a controller, right?

However, there is a project of how it's gonna look like:

Actions

Every game consists of actions. Your bot function will be executed at the beginning of each action. At the end of each, active tetrominoes will move 1 cell to the bottom.

The controller will wait a configurable amount of time between actions unless the preview is disabled.

Your function should return an integer in at most 0.1 seconds, otherwise your action is terminated and ignored. If it will cross the limit repeatedly, I might remove it.

Rules

• Default loopholes are forbidden.
• Aggressive bots are allowed but discouraged.
• You cannot use any external libraries. The controller uses jQuery, but you aren't allowed to use it.
• Don't try to access the document – Don't write nor read data.
• Don't write your bot to beat specific enemies by countering their strategies.
• Enemy spawn works like an occupied block. You cannot place anything here.

Main scoring

Every bot will play with every other bot.

Scoring works this way:

• Victory: 2 points
• Tie: 1 point
• Lose: 0 points

Answer 16

Make numbers inflate to full width! code-golfstring

Related: Full Width Text

That is a challenge that changes ALL characters into full width -- BY ADDING A SPACE AFTER EACH CHARACTER. However, in this challenge only numbers are transformed, and are transform to the REAL FULL WIDTH FORM

.

This is a short and simple challenge, so I will keep the description short.

Challenge

Write a program / function that accepts an ASCII string as input and outputs a UTF string with each number 0123456789 converted to its corresponding full width form ０１２３４５６７８９. The range of these full width numbers is U+FF10 - U+FF19.

You may output using the following format (As an example This is 1 apple is used):

• A UTF-8 string (showing exactly This is １ apple in STDOUT)
• The same string as above but displayed in a non-UTF-8 encoding (eg. showing This is １ apple in Windows-1252 codepage). In this case you must state the codepage of the output
• A single list of UTF-8 bytes as integers that represents the transformed string (showing ord("T"),...,ord(" "),239,188,145,ord(" "),...,ord("e") with arbitrary delimiter)

You cannot mix integer output and character output, that is, you cannot literally change This is 1 apple to This is [239,188,145] apple. You cannot output a nested list if a list is outputted either.

Sample I/O

• Sample 1:

  Input:  0123456789
  Output: (Format 1) ０１２３４５６７８９
          (Format 2) ０１２３４５６７８９ [CP437]
          (Format 3) 239,188,144,239,188,145,239,188,146,239,188,147,239,188,148,239,188,149,239,188,150,239,188,151,239,188,152,239,188,153

• Sample 2:

  Input:  This is 1 apple
  Output: (Format 1) This is １ apple
          (Format 2) This is １ apple [Windows-1252]
          (Format 3) 0x54 0x68 0x69 0x73 0x20 0x69 0x73 0x20 0xef 0xbc 0x91 0x20 0x61 0x70 0x70 0x6c 0x65

Footnote

This is a code-golf, so shortest answer for each language wins. Standard loopholes are forbidden by default.

P.S. I would like to see both practical and esoteric language submissions. Specifically the last two output formats are especially allowed for esoteric languages.

Answer 17

Help Runbee manage the pollen! [better title needed?]

The  arsonist  friendly bee, Runbee, just finished picking up the pollen from the flower garden and now she wants to store it safely in her hive. Each pollen type is labeled with a digit (from 1 to 9). Runbee's "collection" is stored in a row of adjacent honeycomb cells, containing one grain each. For instance, this row could look like this:

1 3 2 2 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 7 8 9 9 5 

But hmm, Runbee doesn't like this order... Because she's tired after flying all day, she can now only move a run of identical adjacent pollen grains to another position in the row to make it seem more organised. Her goal is to have as many identical pollen types one after another after the reordering.

Task

Given a sequence S of digits ranging from 1 to 9, one shall:

• Split S into (the longest possible) runs of consecutive adjacent elements. Then, one of the chunks should be moved to another position in S.
• The resulting sequence S' should be chopped again into (the longest possible) runs of consecutive adjacent elements. Your goal is to search for the sequence S' which contains the most equal consecutive elements.
• You can either output all such sequences S' (deduplicated or not) or just one of them.

For the example above, the possible ways to generate optimal orderings are (where (...) represent the point of removal and [...] the point of addition):

1 (3) 2 2 4 4 4 5 [3] 3 3 3 7 8 9 9 5     | 1 2 2 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 7 8 9 9 5 
1 (3) 2 2 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 [3] 7 8 9 9 5     | 1 2 2 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 7 8 9 9 5
1 3 [3 3 3] 2 2 4 4 4 5 (3 3 3) 7 8 9 9 5 | 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 5 7 8 9 9 5
1 [3 3 3] 3 2 2 4 4 4 5 (3 3 3) 7 8 9 9 5 | 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 5 7 8 9 9 5

Rules

... To be written ..

Test cases

... To be added ..

Answer 18

Posted

Answer 19

Is the array sorted?

Inspired in part by Creative ways to determine of an array is sorted.

Given an array of integers, find out if the array is sorted. This challenge is as simple as it sounds. I'm surprised that I couldn't find a question like this on PPCG. I'm aware that a lot of golfing languages will have short solutions, but perhaps this question could allow you to showcase a language that's more esoteric than it is practical?

Input

An array of integers, or a sequence of integers if your language doesn't support arrays.

Output

Truthy if the array is sorted, falsey otherwise

Examples

[1, 2, 3] => true
[3, 2, 1] => false
[1, 1, 1] => true
[] => true
[1] => true
[-3, -2, -1] => true
[-1, -2, -3] => false
[1, 2, 1] => false
[1, 1, 0] => false

Since this is code-golf, get ready to trim off some bytes! Happy golfing!

For the sandbox

I have searched thoroughly for a question like this, but I haven't been able to find this question posted previously. If it exists, or if it is too similar to another question, please link the question or comment why this question should/shouldn't be posted.

decision-problemcode-golfintegersorting

Answer 20

You are filling a survey. You don't like filling such thing, so you decide to automatically fill some random thing.

However, there may be some duplicated question, and some may be inverted. To simplify the question, we define:

1. Adding or removing word "not" or "no" inverts the sentence;
2. Adding or removing "un" at the beginning of a word inverts the sentence;
3. Adding or removing "n't" at the end of a word inverts the sentence;
4. Adding or removing word "any", "a" or "an" keeps (doesn't invert) the sentence;

Invertion can go through sentences even if they are not asked. E.g. "Do you own a car?" is twice inverted to "Don't you own no car?", so they should have same answer, no matter what sentences left are mentioned.

Input: A list of string, each of which is a sentence.

Output: A list of 2-possible-value, where inverted sentences are answered different and same sentences are answered same.

Sample Input:

Are you rich?
Are you unrich?
Are you poor?
Are you rich?
Are you not rich?

Possible sample outputs (assuming 0 and 1 as possible outputs)

1,0,0,1,0
1,0,1,1,0
0,1,0,0,1
0,1,1,0,1

code-golf. Decided to not have random to try to have more creative solution

Answer 21

Separate the syllables - in Finnish

Given a Finnish word as a string, separate each syllable.

Wait, what?

In Finnish, syllables are very important for many different things in the grammar - often, the first place a foreigner starts with the language is with the syllable structure. Your job, as a prospective learner, is to decompose the given word into its syllables. To do this, your program or function must return a string in which the syllables have been separated by a single | or -.

But how?

Given any word, you can split the syllables apart by following five simple rules. In the below mapping, V indicates a vowel (aeiouyäö), a diphthong or a long vowel (see below) and C indicates a consonant (bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxz). '-' indicates where the word should be split. Patterns are "greedy", so the longest matching pattern is the one that should be applied.

VV -> V-V

VC -> VC

VCV -> V-CV

VCCV -> VC-CV

VCCCV -> VCC-CV

What the &@?! are diphtongs?

Because Finnish is a complex language, we can't just let foreigners get off that easy with learning the basics! So, we came up with diphtongs - pairs of vowels that are considered a single vowel when determining syllables. The list of the ones important to this challenge is as follows (in an arbitrary order):

ai, ei, oi, ui, yi, äi, öi, ey, iy, äy, öy, au, eu, ou, iu, ie, uo, yö

Furthermore, we have long vowels - these also count as a single vowel, and are simply the vowel repeated twice:

aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, yy, ää, öö

What else?

You should note that:

• Default loopholes are forbidden.
• Default I/O is allowed.
• You may take input and produce output in any string encoding that contains at least the following characters: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzåäö-| and/or their upper-case equivalents.
• The encoding must be the same for input and for output.
• This is code-golf. Shortest answer wins.

Give me the solutions!

Examples are given as input -> output with syllable boundaries indicated by a -.

perkele -> per-ke-le
sauna -> sau-na
koskenkorva -> kos-ken-kor-va
nopea -> no-pe-a
maa -> maa
suomenkieli -> suo-men-kie-li
esimerkki -> e-si-merk-ki
itsenäisyyspäivä -> it-se-näi-syys-päi-vä
koodigolffi -> koo-di-golf-fi
toritapaaminen -> to-ri-ta-paa-mi-nen

Finally...

Happy golfing!

Answer 22

Validate a simple bell-ringing method

A simple bell-ringing method on n bells has the following characteristics.

1. Each row exchanges at least one pair of adjacent bells. Any given bell can only take part in one exchange per row.
2. The notation for a row lists those bells that are not exchanged. Each row is separated with a .. However, rows that exchange all bells are notated with an X and do not use . separators, so that .16..16. would actually be notated X16X16X.
3. The first n-1 rows always exchange bell 1 with the next bell so that it becomes last.
4. The nth row, also known has the half lead, does not exchange bell 1.
5. The next n-1 rows are the same as the first n-1 rows but in reverse order. This brings bell 1 back to its original position.
6. The 2nth row, also known as the lead end, also does not exchange bell 1.
7. Up to three different lead ends may be used, being named "Plain", "Bob" and "Single".
8. After the lead end, the 2n-1 rows are rung again, possibly with a different lead end, and this repeats according to a predetermined pattern known as a touch.
9. The method starts and finishes with the bells in ascending order.

The following parts are intended to be submitted as separate questions.

Part 1

Given any number of rows in bell-ringing notation, return a truthy or falsy value depending on whether they represent a valid permutation.

Part 2

Given any number of rows in bell-ringing notation, convert them to permutations and output them in the most convenient format for input into subsequent parts.

Part 3

Given a list of permutations corresponding to the first n rows of a method, append the first n-1 rows in reverse order, and then output the result of combining the permutations.

Part 4

Given the permutation from part 3, and up to three different lead end permutations as output by part 2, and a string representing which the order in which the lead ends are to be used, calculate the permutations before and after each lead end, ensuring that they are all different, and that the last permutation is that the identity permutation.

Example:

Main rows: 5.1.5.1.5
Plain lead: 125
Bob: 145
Touch: PBPPBPBPPB

5.1.5.1.5 means that the permutations are (12)(34) and (23)(45) repeated, so the permutation before the first lead end in this case turns out to be just (23)(45) again. The plain lead is (34) and the bob is (23). The relevant permutations for the touch are as follows:

(23)(45)
(2453)
(25)
(235)
(245)
(2345)
(35)
(345)
(243)
(34)
(2354)
(2453)
(25)(34)
(2435)
(2534)
(253)
(354)
(45)
(23)

then finishing with the identity permutation as desired.

Answer 23

Prime Steganography

code-golf steganography string prime

---

Alice and Bob have devised a steganography encryption method where they encode the letters of their message (the "secret message") into the letters in the prime positions of the larger message (the "carrier message"). Your job is to create a program which takes a secret message as input and outputs a carrier message that hides the secret message in the letters in the prime positions.

Requirements

• Only letter characters in the carrier message count toward positions.
• The secret message is not case sensitive and non-letters do not need to be encoded in any way.
• The carrier message must contain only words that can be found in this list of English words. The carrier message does not need to make sense.
• The carrier message can contain punctuation (any of .,?!"':;-), whitespace, and letter characters only.
• The carrier message cannot hide a message that is longer than the secret message. If it ends on a prime after the last one needed, it is invalid. For instance, if the carrier message is 38 letters long and the secret message is only 11 letters long, the carrier would encode an extra letter and therefore is invalid. (Sandbox: help me phrase this better)

Examples

Input: 'Hello world'

Possible Output:

Ah! Eels live! Oh wall! Oars will board.

Lining up all the letters, you get these positions

 A  h  E  e  l  s  l  i  v  e  O  h  w  a  l  l  O  a  r  s  w  i  l  l  b  o  a  r  d
 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

All the letters in the prime positions would be extracted. h at 2, E at 3, l at 5, l at 7, O at 11, w at 13, O at 17, r at 19, l at 23, and d at 29. Thus the full message is hEllOwOrld, but case doesn't matter.

Rules

• Standard rules and loopholes apply.
• You can read in the word list using any method you would like, or not at all. Other word lists may be used and will not count toward byte count, but every word in your output must appear somewhere in the previously mentioned word list.
• You may assume that the secret message only includes letters, whitespace, and punctuation.
• Your program does not need to be deterministic, but does need to always output a valid carrier message which correctly encodes the secret message.
• You may assume that the secret message is possible to encode with English words from the list. (Even though it may not be for one reason or another)

---

Sandbox note

I'm thinking this might make for an interesting popularity contest. The objective criteria is validity of the carrier message. The subjective criteria is how interesting/entertaining/convincing the messages that it outputs are.

Answer 24

Stego-nography: Hide A Stegosaurus with Steganography!

cops-and-robbers steganography ascii-art

This doesn't work as a cops and robbers challenge. Leaving for possible inspiration.

Making something that converts an image with a live dinosaur into one with a dead dinosaur would be a clone of Hiding information in Cats.

---

Cops

Devise a method for hiding this ASCII stegosaurus in an image.

                         .       .
                        / `.   .' "
                .---.  <    > <    >  .---.
                |    \  \ - ~ ~ - /  /    |
    _____          ..-~             ~-..-~
   |     |   \~~~\.'                    `./~~~/
  ---------   \__/                        \__/
 .'  O    \     /               /       \  "
(_____,    `._.'               |         }  \/~~~/
 `----.          /       }     |        /    \__/
       `-.      |       /      |       /      `. ,~~|
           ~-.__|      /_ - ~ ^|      /- _      `..-'
                |     /        |     /     ~-.     `-. _  _  _
                |_____|        |_____|         ~ - . _ _ _ _ _>

Source: custom 'cow' for cowsay

Create an encoder and a decoder. Post the decoder and two versions of three different images, each pair with and without the encoded stegosaurus. Include hashes for each of the six images.

Rules and Scoring

• The decoder must be able to decode any arbitrary ASCII text of at least the same size as the stegosaurus (either 677 characters or 14x63 characters if you assume the text is right-padded. Be consistent).
  • Only the part of the encoded message that actually includes the stegosaurus matters; extra bytes in the message can be ignored by the user or decoder, but must be either before/after the 677 characters or outside the 14x63 bounding rectangle, depending on how you encode it. (Sandbox: this phrasing is awkward)
  • In short, it must be possible for the robbers to kill your dinosaur (link to robber thread goes here) by replacing your stegosaurus with a dead one.
• You may not use asymmetric encryption in your solution. (For example, encrypting the stegosaurus with your private key before hiding it and then putting the public key in the decoder)
• You can use any lossless image format of your choice.
• You do not need to post the source code of your decoder. Precompiled Windows or Linux binaries are allowed, but must be packaged with all of their dependencies and be able to be run without any installation. Obfuscation and minification are allowed for interpreted languages and likewise should prepackage all third-party dependencies.
• You may not host your decoder on a webservice. The reason why is that it enables you to use symmetric encryption with no way to derive the key.
• As an objective criteria for the encoded images to be not easily distinguishable, the maximum absolute pixel difference between the images should be less than 4/255 for each color component in the entire image.

If at least one of your dinosaurs survives after one week, your dinosaurs are safe and you earn 10 points (after which point you can explain your algorithm). If your dinosaurs are all killed within a week, you score 1 point for each 24 hour period they survived.

The cop with the most points wins.

---

Robbers

You're a dinosaur hunter. The cops have hidden stegosauruses in three images. It's your job to find the stegos and kill them. You are to change the message hidden in each image from the original stegosaurus to this dead one:

                         .       .
                        / `.   .' "
                .---.  <    > <    >  .---.
                |    \  \ - ~ ~ - /  /    |
                   ..-~             ~-..-~
             \~~~\.'                    `./~~~/
              \__/                        \__/
                /               /       \  "
    _____     .'               |         }  \/~~~/
   |     |  .'   /       }     |        /    \__/
  --------''    |       /      |       /      `. ,~~|
 .'  X        __|      /_ - ~ ^|      /- _      `..-'
(_____     _-~  |     /        |     /     ~-.     `-. _  _  _
 `__U___--~     |_____|        |_____|         ~ - . _ _ _ _ _>

Cracking a cop submission requires that you kill all of its hidden dinosaurs. You earn a point for each submission you crack. Note that the cop can encode garbage or null data around the dinosaur (either by bounding box or before/after the 677 characters), but you do not need to leave this data untouched.

The robber with the most cracked submissions wins.

---

Sandbox

Does this work as a cops-and-robbers challenge? Any problematic loopholes or ways to abuse this?

Answer 25

Buddhabrot (speed edition)

Your goal is to generate an image like this one:

(Sandbox: this image will be replaced by a valid solution image for the challenge)

This is a render of a 2D histogram called Buddhabrot. The algorithm for generating it is very simple. If you have heard of (or written a program to generate) the Mandelbrot Set, this will feel familiar. The algorithm goes as follows:

1. Generate a random complex number \$z_0\$
2. Iteratively perform the calculation \$z_{i+1}=z_i^2+z_0\$. Do this \$N\$ times
3. Check if the absolute value of the number \$z_N\$ is larger than 3
4. If it is, calculate all the numbers \$z_i, 0 \leq i\leq N\$ again and map them to pixels.
5. For each pixel that is mapped to, add \$1\$ to the counter for that pixel
6. Repeat the 4 steps above a few million (or billion/trillion) times.

Since this algorithm depends on random sampling rather than just a single calculation for each pixel, it is not as easy to parallelize on a GPU. However, a GPU will still perform better than a CPU for this task. Since it is random, it is also dependent on having a large number of iterations to generate a smooth image. With a low number of iterations, the output image will be grainy.

To participate in this challenge, write a full program which creates a render of the Buddhabrot. For this challenge, the maximum iteration number is set to 100. That means that for every random complex \$z_0\$, you must write to the counter array if \$|z_{100}| > 3\$. Note that if \$|z_i| > 3\$ for some \$i < 100\$, then you can quit the calculation, since you know that \$|z_{100}| > 3\$.

If you want some help to get you started, I recently made an attempt to optimize this problem. You can read about my journey if you want.

Generating the image

A basic algorithm for rendering a Buddhabrot image is described above. To make it efficient, I would suggest that you use an unsigned int* to hold all the counters for the pixels. When running the program, you calculate which pixel should have its counter increased, then you add 1 to that index in the counter array. When you are done with the random number generation, you take your array of counters, divide every element by the array's maximum value. Then all values in the array will be in the range \$[0,1]\$. You can then use that value as the grayscale color of the corresponding pixel.

Specification

1. The output image must be exactly 1024x1024 pixels
2. The maximum iteration number is 100
3. The complex numbers must be sampled from the rectangle in the complex plane given by \$-2.5 < Re(z_0) < 1.5, -2 < Im(z_0) < 2\$ (Sandbox: these limits are subject to change). The sampling does not have to be uniform (you might discard points which you know are not important). However, it does need to result in a picture which is visually similar to the one in the post.
4. The output image must be a visualization of the area in the complex plane given by \$-2 < Re(z) < 2, -2 < Im(z) < 2\$ (Sandbox: these limits might change slightly)
5. You have 20 minutes to perform the sampling and generate the image. I will assist with tweaking to maximize your score.
6. You are free to use CUDA or OpenCL to generate the image. For any other methods of implementation, please include instructions on how yo get the environment ready.

Scoring

To ensure that we have an objective criteria for scoring, your score will be the total sum of all pixel counters. Since the Buddhabrot is a 2D histogram in its essence, this can be seen as the total number of samples. To be specific, you calculate your score before dividing by the maximum value and generating the image. The highest score wins. Note that if your approach is similar to mine, the theoretical maximum score is limited by the memory bandwidth. The bandwidth of my GPU is 484GB/s, and since each counter is 4 bytes, you can get 121 billion iterations per second. However, there might be more effective ways to save the samples using the CUDA caches, which could lead to higher performance than that. (Sandbox: I'm not 100% sure if my maximum speed calculation is valid)

Since I already have a working example for this problem, I have decided to add a further incentive. If your solution is 2x faster than my implementation, I'll reward 50 reputation once one month has passed from posting the question. If it is 5x faster, the reward goes up to 100 rep. If it is more than 10x faster, I'll award 150 rep. If you somehow manage to make your solution 30x faster, I'll throw in 200 rep. If multiple answers are eligible for the bonus, only the fastest one will be rewarded. If no answer is eligible for the bounty once one month has passed, the bounty will be rewarded to the first one who claims it. However, you can only claim one bounty, so if you have made your solution 5x faster but want to claim the 10x bounty, I will give you time to optimize your solution to reach the next bounty.

Testing machine

• Intel 5820K 6-core 12-thread CPU running at 4.4GHz
• 16GB DDR4 RAM
• NVIDIA GTX 1080Ti (11 GB GDDR5X, 3584 CUDA cores)
• CUDA 9.0 (I'll add information about C++ version and other relevant info)
• Windows 8.1 (sorry)

fastest-codemathcomplex-numbersfractalgraphical-output

For the sandbox

• Right now there are a few things that need to be clarified in the description.
• I will also update the post with an image that is 1024x1024 pixels. Is the question clear?
• Do I need to clarify anything besides the information that's left out right now?
• Is it okay to add reputation rewards from the start to attract answers?
• Are GPU challenges welcome? A short discussion about hardware was had in the chat, and I'm aware that not everyone has a NVIDIA GPU. That's why I made sure that there are OpenCL implementations of this problem.
• I say that the sampling should be uniform, but there have been some optimized solutions using importance sampling for this specific problem, should I allow that?

Answer 26

A Golden March

code-golfmatharithmeticfibonaccigeometrynumber

Draw a circle whose circumference is the golden mean. Choose a point and label it 1, then move clockwise around the circle in steps of arc length 1, labeling the points 2, 3, and so on. At each step, the difference between each pair of adjacent numbers on the circle is a Fibonacci number.

from Futility Closet.

Challenge

Given some natural number \$ n \geq 1 \$, determine the first \$n\$ points as described above. Then determine all differences between pairs of adjecent numbers and return them as a list.

Details

• The list should contain all the differences in the order in which they appear.
• It should start with the difference between \$1\$ and one of its adjecent neighbours. Then you need to continue recording the differences in the direction you started with.

Examples

to be determined.

Answer 27

Prime number construction game

Tags: code-golf

Inspired by this post, here is A "single player" version of the prime number construction game.

The game:

1. Start with a digit between 1 and 9.
2. Add a digit to the end, such that the resulting number is a prime number.
3. Repeat from step 2 until there are no more possible prime numbers.

The challenge:

Write a function (or required functions) that returns the sum of the lengths of the largest prime numbers you can get starting with each digit, following the game rules above.

The score:

Scoring will have two components:

1. The length of the code, in bytes (it's code-golf, after all), and
2. The sum of the length of the largest primes obtained, starting with each digit.

The total score will be the length of the code (1) minus the sum of the length of the largest primes obtained (2).

The lowest score wins.

Example:

Here's a code sample using R (verbose and non golfed):

isprime <- function(x) {
  for(i in 2:sqrt(x))
    if(x %% i == 0)
      return(FALSE)
  return(TRUE)
}

next_prime <- function(x) {
  for(i in sample(c(1,3,7,9))) {
    y <- strtoi(paste(c(x,i), collapse=''))
    if(isprime(y))
      return(y)
  }
  return(NULL)
}

longest_primes <- function(x) {
  primes <- 1:9
  for(d in 1:9) {
    y <- d
    while(!is.null(y)) {
      primes[d] <- y
      y <- next_prime(y)
    }
  }
  return(sum(nchar(primes)))
}

Here's a sample run of the code above:

 Digit | Largest prime obtained | Length
 ------+------------------------+-------
   1   | 19139                  | 5
   2   | 29399999               | 8 
   3   | 3797                   | 4
   4   | 4799                   | 4
   5   | 53                     | 2
   6   | 6173                   | 4
   7   | 719333                 | 6
   8   | 89                     | 2
   9   | 977                    | 3
 ------+------------------------+-------
 Total |                        | 38

Assuming the byte count of my code is 469, my final score is 469-38=431.

Posting your solution:

Please use the following header for your solution:
# [Language]: [Byte count] - [Sum of lengths] = [Total score].

Please include an explanation to your answer.

---

Miscelaneous:

I think this is a simple, yet fun, challenge. I've searched the site, and I haven't found a related challenge. If there's one, please point me.

I tried sometime ago to post a challenge, and I wasn't careful enough before posting (hence, I deleted it). I'd like to post a good first challenge. Any feedback will be appreciated.

Answer 28

Is it a D?

Given an image, check if it's a letter D.

Here D is defined as:

Let pixels labeled \$(x,y)\$ where larger \$x\$ mean at right and larger \$y\$ mean more up. If there exist \$x_0, x_1, f_0, f_1, f_2, f_3\$ such that:

• \$ (f \rightarrow (x\rightarrow f(x+1)-f(x)))^n (f_i) (x) >0\$ for \$n>0, 0\leq i<4\$
• \$ x_0<x_1\$
• Pixel \$(x,y)\$ is true iff \$y>f_0(x) \text{ and } y<-f_1(x) \text{ and } (y>-f_2(x) \text{ or } y<f_3(x) \text{ or } x_0\leq x<x_1)\$
• There should be a hole, i.e. a false pixel that can't reach border without acrossing a true pixel

Shortest code win. Don't mind if D doesn't follow the rule or a symbol which follows the rule doesn't look like a D at all

TODO: add test cases

Answer 29

There are 1000 phones in a city. Add some switches so that we can freely decide linking pairs (Any amount of pairs). Two phones are connected iff some closed switches directly or indirectly link them.

In graph-theoretic terms, phones and "new points" are vertices, switches/links are edges, and you need to construct a graph with least number of edges such that for all possible list of pairs of the "phone"-vertices, there exists a configuration of the switches (subgraph), such that vertices in the same pair are in the same connected component, and vice versa.

You need to answer with:

1. A list of links, where 0~999 are the 1000 phones, and 1000~ are just point.
2. A program that take some pairs of phone ids, where no two numbers are same, and output the switches that need to be closed. It should run on tio in 60s.

Fewest switches win.

A sample solution may be:

1. [(i,j) for i in range(1000) for j in range(1000,1500)]
2. def f(a):
     print ([(a[i][0],1000+i)for i in range(len(a))]+[(a[i][1],1000+i)for i in range(len(a))])

Which uses 500000 switches.

SN.

1. Should I require that when a connection is added or removed, there's a series of moves so that no other connections are affected?
2. Directly using sorting network for \$\mathcal O(n \log^2 n)\$ seems to use more switches than \$\mathcal O(n^2)\$ solution. Should I have more phones?

Answer 30

I'll Just Make A Snake

I noticed a post (now deleted) that pointed out that 05AB1E (legacy), when called with no arguments and non-empty input, will make a "snake" using the input:

Not sure what to do now with the input, so I'll just make a snake:


*****
    *
    *
    *
*****
*    
*    
*    
*    

Cute, and seems simple enough. However, the snake generation has a few quirks that I thought would make an interesting challenge to replicate.

The Challenge

When given a non-empty string as input, a snake is generated using the following algorithm:

1. If the input string is shorter than 17 characters, pad the string with duplicates of itself until its length is >= 17.
2. Generate a snake segment by replacing the non-space characters of the pattern with characters from the input string, following the direction of the snake. (Print characters right-to-left 5, up-to-down 3, left-to-right 5, up-to-down 4.)
3. If there is a previous snake segment generated, replace its last line with the first line of this segment.
4. Remove the used characters from the string.
5. Discard the first character of the remainder of the string. If there is no remainder, instead set the remainder to the original input string, minus its first character.
6. Pad the string with copied of the original input string until its length is >= 17.
7. Repeat steps 2-6 N times, where N = Length of input string.
8. Return the generated snake.

You do not have to handle empty inputs or non-string inputs.

You do not have to print the beginning message "Not sure what to do now with the input, so I'll just make a snake:".

Note: 05AB1E (legacy) actually has some different behavior when given a base-10 integer as input. We will be ignoring that and treating all inputs as strings.

General rules:

• Input and output may be in any reasonable format.
• Trailing spaces and/or a single trailing newline are acceptable.
• This is code-golf, so shortest answer in bytes for each language wins. No answer will be marked as the answer.
• Standard rules apply.
• Default Loopholes are forbidden.
• If possible, please add a link with a test for your code (i.e. TIO).
• Adding an explanation for your answer is highly recommended.

Test Cases

Here is an (ungolfed) Python 2 program which replicates this behavior, for clarity and generation of additional test cases.

pattern = """{0}{1}{2}{3}{4}\n    {5}\n    {6}\n    {7}\n{12}{11}{10}{9}{8}\n{13}\n{14}\n{15}\n{16}"""

def print_snake(in_str):
    print "Not sure what to do now with the input, so I'll just make a snake:\n\n"
    l = len(in_str)

    snek = [0]

    if l < 19:
        d,m = divmod(19, l)
        if m:
            d+=1
        in_str = in_str * d

    print_str, lost_char, rem = in_str, "", ""

    for i in range(l):
        print_str = rem + in_str
        print_str, lost_char, rem = print_str[:17], print_str[17], print_str[18:]
        snek.pop()
        snek += (pattern.format(*print_str)).split("\n")

    print "\n".join(snek)

Try it online!

Input: *

Output:
*****
    *
    *
    *
*****
*
*
*
*

Input: AB

Output:
ABABA
    B
    A
    B
ABABA
B
A
B
ABABA
    B
    A
    B
ABABA
B
A
B
A

Input: 123456789

Output:
12345
    6
    7
    8
43219
5
6
7
12345
    6
    7
    8
43219
5
6
7
12345
    6
    7
    8
43219
5
6
7
12345
    6
    7
    8
43219
5
6
7
12345
    6
    7
    8
43219
5
6
7
12345
    6
    7
    8
43219
5
6
7
12345
    6
    7
    8
43219
5
6
7
12345
    6
    7
    8
43219
5
6
7
12345
    6
    7
    8
43219
5
6
7
8

Input: sadness*and*despair

Output:
sadne
    s
    s
    *
d*dna
e
s
p
rsadn
    e
    s
    s
*dna*
d
e
s
irsad
    n
    e
    s
dna*s
*
d
e
airsa
    d
    n
    e
na*ss
d
*
d
pairs
    a
    d
    n
a*sse
n
d
*
spair
    s
    a
    d
*ssen
a
n
d
espai
    r
    s
    a
ssend
*
a
n
despa
    i
    r
    s
senda
s
*
a
*desp
    a
    i
    r
endas
s
s
*
d*des
    p
    a
    i
ndasr
e
s
s
nd*de
    s
    p
    a
dasri
n
e
s
and*d
    e
    s
    p
asria
d
n
e
*and*
    d
    e
    s
sriap
a
d
n
s*and
    *
    d
    e
riaps
s
a
d
ss*an
    d
    *
    d
iapse
r
s
a
ess*a
    n
    d
    *
apsed
i
r
s
ness*
    a
    n
    d
psed*
a
i
r
dness
    *
    a
    n
sed*d
p
a
i
adnes
    s
    *
    a
ed*dn
s
p
a
i

code-golf