Things to avoid when writing challenges

Question

If there is something that you find annoying / counterproductive / unfair / detrimental / no longer funny in challenges (question posts), describe it in an answer here, and propose a recommended response. Voting will indicate whether that response has the backing of the community.

For example, you might suggest one of the following:

1. Comment linking here
2. Edit question
3. Close question
4. Delete question
5. Other (please specify)

Consider quoting from (rather than linking to) example challenges, as the fact that you are posting here makes it likely that the challenge may be edited making the link confusing for future readers.

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For aspects of solutions (answer posts) to be avoided, see instead Loopholes that are forbidden by default

Answer 1

Cumbersome I/O formats

Generally, allow flexible input and output formats. People want to write code to do your task of, say, composing permutations, not reading/writing numbers in a particular semicolon-separated format, or from a file, or with input validation. For code golf, it's annoying when most of your byte count is boilerplate, especially when other languages read the format natively.

Allowing I/O in the language's native format (list, string, tuple, etc) is usually a better option. Yes, it makes comparisons between languages less exact, but that's worth it.

In particular, don't use long strings for outputs. Instead of "Why, yes, good sir or madam, this list is in fact a palindrome", let programs output 1/0 or True/False or general Truthy/Falsey values.

Of course, if your task is about specific formats, that's fine. ASCII art challenges usually require a precise output. A challenge to process certain file headers can expect a rigid input format.

Answer 2

Rules inferred from test cases

Test cases are examples for people to check their understanding of the spec and the correctness of their code. They should not replace an explanation of how the output must relate to the input. (There are rare exceptions where it's straightforward, like a scaling ASCII art pattern.)

Don't leave readers guessing as to what the rules must be from examples. In particular, it can be unclear if the precise input/output format of the test cases is required. Also, additional requirements in test cases are liable to be missed by someone who starts coding before looking at them.

Answer 3

Making assumptions about language features

Unless you're writing a language-specific challenge, avoid terms specific to some class of languages, because these might not make sense for other languages and prevent them from participating. Languages can very different from what you're used to: functional, minimalist, graphical, untyped, strongly typed, and weird in many ways.

Examples of loaded phrases:

• "write a function that"
• "return a pointer to"
• "if the input is invalid, throw an exception"
• "at compile time"
• "you may not use the + operator."
• "if they are of different types"
• "modify the input object"

Usually, this can be fixed by using broader terms, but is sometimes is a sign of a problem with the challenge itself. Consider defining the requirements in terms of input and output without reference to the program internals.

Answer 4

Bonuses in code golf

Digital Trauma wrote an answer about this, but I have harsher views on bonuses, so I'm posting to let people vote separately.

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Bonuses in code golf say things like "-30% of your byte count if your code can handle any number of strings, not just two." From what I've seen, they range from slightly improving the challenge to seriously harming it. I haven't seen a bonus that totally made a question, but I've seen ones that ruined it. If you do include a bonus, be confident that it makes the question better.

Too often bonuses come from avoiding a hard decision about your challenge. Cutting is hard, so you preserve a weaker or extraneous part of the challenge. Or, you can't decide the scope, so you try to have it both ways. The weak parts might be underspecified, poorly received in the Sandbox, tangential to the rest of the task, or make the spec too cluttered. Don't sweep them into a bonus -- delete them without mercy! Conversely, if you do include a bonus, make sure it as at least as strong as the rest of the challenge.

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Bonuses are only interesting when they pose a trade-off that could go either way. It's hard to balance, and often a bonus turns out completely unviable or completely mandatory for the language I'm golfing in. A flat bonus (-20 bytes) means much more in a golfing language than Java, and a multiplicative bonus (-30%) depends on the language's degree of boilerplate and its well-suitedness the bonus relative to the main challenge. Sometimes there's no number that works for everything.

When the bonuses are well-balanced, you can have the opposite problem that a golfer needs to write a bunch of different variants of the program to see what's worth in, which becomes exponentially more cumbersome with more and more bonuses.

Answer 5

Changing the challenge in the comments

If something was unspecified in your challenge, or if you've decided to make a change to the challenge (Such as to close a loophole), don't just leave a comment. These are often not visible unless you click on the correct button, and will lead to people getting confused.

Instead, edit the challenge to incorporate the change/clarification.

Appropriate solution:

Edit the change/clarification into the question.

Answer 6

Do X without Y

This isn't always bad, but it's been a particular trap for beginners, so be careful.

In the past, there were popular questions about doing a simple task but with the obvious method banned:

• Produce the number 2014 without any numbers in your source code
• How to write a C program for multiplication without using the * and + operators?
• Add without addition (or any of the 4 basic arithmetic operators)

These have fallen out of favor because they inspired many copycats that basically came down to the same tricks. In general, if your challenge is too simple to be interesting, it won't be saved by banning things. It's better to make the challenge meatier instead.

Also, it's hard to define "without Y" for a wide class of languages, leading to nitpicking like "I'm not using a+b, just sum(a,b)".

"Do X without Y" can be good questions, but I've found the odds stacked sorely against them, especially for new posters, so be careful. Look at past questions and check that yours requires novel ideas, and beware that site standards have gotten much more stringent over time.

Answer 7

Explicitly disallowing or disadvantaging arbitrary (classes of) languages

This has become much rarer recently, but the occasional challenge by a new user still includes it, so here as an answer to point them to.

Disallowing arbitrary languages (or classes of languages, primarily things like "no golfing languages allowed") is not in the spirit of this community, as has been discussed many times on meta. If you don't like golfing languages beating others, a) don't pose a code golf challenge or b) look at the challenge as a separate competition in each language.

This answer also encompasses penalties that only apply to certain languages.

Suggested course of action: (for voters)

• Downvote to discourage this behaviour and show that it is not welcome in this community.
• Leave a friendly comment that this is not how we roll and link them here.
• Don't edit it out without the author's permission - I don't think we have a consensus that such restrictions are disallowed or off-topic. They're just a bad idea.

A milder form of this is challenges where the task depends on the language name (e.g. "print the language name"). Those give a byte-count penalty to languages with long names. If this is necessary for the challenge to make sense/be fun, a better idea might be to subtract the language's name from the byte count and require that it appears verbatim in the source code (without the latter requirement, you'd be giving a penalty to languages with short names instead).

This answer does not encompass challenges which are impossible in some (or many) languages due to technical limitations (audio output, file system manipulation etc.). That said, challenges should strive to be as inclusive as possible without damaging the core of the challenge (do submissions really have to play the audio directly via the speakers, or could they also write an audio file to STDOUT?).

When the OP needs to run all submissions on their own machine (e.g. for fastest-code, king-of-the-hill or certain code-challenges), it's also fine to require that all languages have a freely available compiler or interpreter. I wouldn't call that "arbitrary" restriction. (Whereas, I would call it arbitrary if someone imposed the same restriction on a standard code golf where the OP isn't planning to test every answer on their own machine anyway.)

Answer 8

Putting test cases in a hard to use format

Supplying test cases is always a good idea, but people are more likely to use them (and thus have better tested code) if they can easily be copied and pasted into a test suite.

So format your test cases as simply and as consistently as possible, preferably in a single code block. If you have lots of test cases and you want to section them out by type, put empty lines between sections instead of using several separate code blocks.

Be sure to include any examples used during explanation as test cases. People may otherwise forget important examples while focusing on test cases.

Do This:

Input -> Output
cat -> kitten
dog -> puppy
seal -> pup
bear -> cub
cow -> calf
bird -> chick
echidna -> puggle

Replace -> with something else if the - and > might get confused with the input and output. Don't use → (right arrow) or other Non-ASCII since not all languages/compilers may allow it.

DON'T Do This:

+---------+--------+
|  Input  | Output |
+---------+--------+
| cat     | kitten |
| dog     | puppy  |
| seal    | pup    |
| bear    | cub    |
| cow     | calf   |
| bird    | chick  |
| echidna | puggle |
+---------+--------+

Yes, it looks nicer, but it's more hassle to get the pure data.

DON'T Do This:

The inputs cat, dog seal, bear, cow, bird, and echidna have the respective outputs kitten, puppy, pup, cub, calf, chick, and puggle.

DON'T Do This:

The input

cat

has output

kitten

The input

dog

has output

puppy

Likewise, the input

seal

has output

pup

and the input

bear

has output

cub

and the input

cow

has output

calf

and the input

bird

has output

chick

and, finally, the input

echidna

has output

puggle

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^{Yes, I have been guilty of this. No, I am not going to fix all my old challenges.}

Answer 9

Requiring minimum scores

In short, don't post a code golf that says "Your code has to be shorter than 100 bytes" (the same applies to any other winning criterion). The usual motivation is that the author found some code somewhere and challenges people to beat the score of that code. That's a fine motivation for a challenge, but actually requiring all answers to be better than that benchmark is incredibly detrimental to the challenge. It doesn't increase competition between answers that are better than the requirement. But it does disallow answers which are worse than the limit but might contain interesting ideas which the better answers could also benefit from, and it also rules out some languages entirely which are simply incapable of beating the given score. There's also the possibility that you've set the limit too low and made the challenge impossible. Additionally, most often answers aren't originally posted with the best possible score, but are later improved because other people give suggestions. This would be impossible if the first attempt wasn't allowed to be posted.

Most importantly though, all that a minimum score is saying is "if you're not good enough, you can't participate", which I think is plainly rude.

Answer 10

Chameleon challenges

Chameleon challenges look like they're about one thing but are really about another. In doing the challenge, most of the effort is spent on something peripheral. Fix this by being honest about your challenge in the title and description, or by simplifying or removing the non-core parts.

Some causes of chameleon challenges:

• Requiring a cumbersome input/output format that takes more effort to process than the challenge itself
• Requiring that malformed inputs are detected and specially handled.
• In code golf, having long fixed output strings that benefit from compression.
• Including bonuses that are so large that any competitive answer must do them.
• Scoring a challenge on a small set of test cases where it's more effective to hardcode the outputs or overfit them than to actually do the task.
• Scoring by fraction right on a test battery where it's not hard to get 100% right, making the tiebreak the real score.
• Scoring by a combination of two factors, like length and effectiveness, in a way that one contribution is much larger than the other.

Answer 11

Non-observable program requirements

The validity of a program should depend on things that can be observed when the program is treated as a black box. Examples are data written to standard output or error streams, drawing on the screen, file operations, memory usage, and runtime. Non-observable behaviors include "string operations" and "implementing the Fu-Barr algorithm". Additionally, "using Y" would fall into the non-observable category in most instances of "Do X without Y"

Why they are bad

Non-observable requirements tend to be vague, subjective, or based on false assumptions about the properties of programming languages. For example, requiring that answers use a specific algorithm is highly open to interpretation. What modifications are allowed? Can some steps be replaced with different operations that produce the same result?

Exceptions

A commonly used non-observable requirement is to avoid using a library function that solves the entire challenge. I believe these rules are OK. Like other non-observable requirements, one can find borderline cases of whether a built-in function solves all of the task or not, but the benefits of higher-quality answers outweigh the costs.

Answer 12

Don't allow / ask for different things in languages with different capabilities

Don't write specs like "Do X. If your language doesn't support X, you can do Y instead". Examples are:

• Do some math in floating point. If your language doesn't support floating point, you can use integer
• Read input from a file. If your language doesn't support file I/O, you can read from stdin

X and Y, can be quite different tasks, although they might look similar. Either allow the alternatives Y for all languages or for none.

Answer 13

"Ideally, your code will..."

Avoid recommended features in your spec. If it's not mandatory, answers won't do it. The goal is to write the shortest/fastest/winningest code that still satisfies the requirements, however minimally, so any features that can be cut or simplified will be.

Of course, popularity contests are an exception.

Answer 14

Arbitrarily overriding the defaults

The default code formats, input/output methods, and other defaults are a product of community thought and discussion. Don't change them just because you feel like it or disagree with them. They have good reasons for being as they are, some of which are only apparent for specific languages that would otherwise be unusable or cumbersome or require ad-hoc rulings.

Only override the defaults when they don't serve their purpose because of some specific feature of your challenge, and even then think if you can make the challenge accommodate instead.

Answer 15

Saying you should produce one or several outputs randomly without further specification

One random output

Say someone writes a challenge about generating a labyrinth of a given size (width and height) taken as input, and they say that you should create a randomly arranged labyrinth of that size.

What does random mean here? As it has been specified, you may very well create two possible labyrinths that comform to the size specs and pick randomly between the two. Or even create just one and claim it is random.

As it stands, the challenge is not well specified. Just saying random means nothing. The probability distribution needs to be indicated. Some correct specifications would be (these are excluding alternatives):

1. All possible labyrinths of the given size should be produced with the same probability;

2. All possible labyrinths of the given size should have a nonzero probability of occurrence;

3. The code should be able to produce at least 10 different labyrinths of the given size, each with nonzero probability.

Option 1 corresponds to a uniform distribution, which is "as random as it gets" (but may be too demanding for certain challenges). Option 2 is more flexible on the answerer, and is probably a good default. With option 3, the challenge writer should be careful to check that it is always possible to generate at least 10 valid outputs.

Several random outputs

The problem is aggravated when there are several random pieces (numbers, characters, etc) that need to be produced. Consider for example a challenge that takes a string as input and asks to introduce a random printable ASCII character after each character of the input string.

First off, the same considerations as above apply (Can I choose from just "a", "b", "c" as my random characters? Do I need to pick among those characters with the same probability?). But in this case there's the additional problem of statistical relationship between the random outputs. Can I randomly pick a character and insert that same character in all required positions? Or do the inserted characters need to be independently picked?

To avoid this ambiguity, the possible relationship between the randomly generated pieces needs to be specified in the challenge. In more proper terms, the joint probability distribution of the random pieces needs to be specified. Sorry if it sounds a little complicated, but this is necessary.

If you are not sure and want to keep things simple, after having specified the distribution of each piece (as discussed above) you can say that the random pieces should be statistically independent. This means that each piece should be randomly generated without regard of the random choices that were made/will be made for the other pieces.

Bottomline

The point is to properly specify "randomness". Don't rely on "common sense" or assume that answerers will adhere to the "spirit" of the challenge. Your that's against the spirit of the challenge may very well be someone else's clever trick that saved me a few bytes.

Answer 16

Requiring the use of unnecessarily "complicated" number types

A large proportion of our challenges deal with numbers, or lists of numbers. An important consideration is always what sort of numbers are valid input (positive integers, non-negative integers, all integers, floating-point numbers, complex integers, complex floating-point numbers...).

In the interest of making the challenge accessible to (and enjoyable in) the widest range of languages, try making the number types as simple as possible without harming the challenge.

If your challenge is about sorting a list of numbers, positive integers suffice. Using floating point numbers doesn't add anything interesting to the challenge but makes it incredibly tough or practically impossible to solve the challenge in languages that only support integer data, even though they might be able to solve the actual task of sorting quite easily.

In some cases, the actual values are completely arbitrary and only exist as place holders in the structure of an array. In this case you can even consider restricting the input to single-digit integers, unless you want to specifically make string-processing based approaches less feasible.

Of course, some challenges only make sense for floating point numbers or even complex floating-point, and that's completely fine. But when the core of the challenge is not about handling those data types, they only distract from the interesting parts.

As a rule of thumb I propose that people ask "if I change this from integer to float or vice-versa, would this affect any viable approaches in mainstream languages?" If that's the case, then requiring floating point might make sense (if those are the approaches you're looking for). But if not, limiting the challenge to integers won't do it any harm for the common languages, and will make the challenge more interesting to people who prefer to use esolangs for a little extra challenge.

Answer 17

Using shortest code as a tie-breaking winning criterion in code-challenge questions

In challenges such as this one, there is nothing stopping users from copying another answer's solution, implementing it in a terser language, and posting it as a separate answer. The user therefore would receive the same score for their submission and win the tie-breaker, despite the original user doing the lion's share of the work and being more deserving of winning.

Using earliest submission as the tie-breaking criterion avoids this problem entirely.

Answer 18

Allowing standard loopholes in general

Don't say "Standard loopholes are allowed". They ban silly things like making up a language where the solution is a single character or just printing the string "the answer". Even if you find these amusing, we got tired of them long ago and that's why they're forbidden.

Allowing specific loopholes, such as fetching the output from an external source can and should be overriden if it makes the challenge better. For example, if the challenge is about getting information from a website, then it should definitely be allowed. This answer addresses allowing standard loopholes in general, as they apply to most challenges.

Answer 19

The prime numbers

We have 226 questions about prime numbers at the time of writing. Almost every single one of these involves some adaptation of the “canonical prime checking code” or the “canonical prime generator”. Primes are notorious for not really conforming to any mathematical symmetry in a lot of ways, so very often, there is no way around a “brute force” approach: you just do exactly what the challenge tells you to do with your bit of primality logic; and that bit of logic is usually the “ungolfable” part.

I beg you — I plead you — consider any other integer sequence for once. Spice things up! Whatever challenge you were going to write called “Onerous primes” or “Highfalutin primes” or “Supercalifragilistic primes”: ask it about the odious numbers or the lucky numbers or the Ulam numbers instead. Or heck, ask it about the squares!

There isn’t anything wrong with the prime numbers, but there isn’t anything particularly nice about them either. In fact, primality is quite an “ugly” condition, in the sense that there are no formulas for the next prime after \$p\$, or the number of primes below \$n\$, etc. This is what makes them interesting to study from a mathematical point of view, but they’re a nuisance to compute things about, because you can’t apply very many tricks, and this might actually limit the set of approaches golfers could reasonably take to solve your challenge with.

Please, give this some thought before you post the 227th, or 228th, or 229th question asking us to find “the n-th prime number such that (blah blah blah).”

Answer 20

Formulating the challenge as something and then including a twist that completely changes the task

Don't hide information from the reader. Don't enounce the challenge as something that later on it will turn out not to be.

To ellaborate, consider the following formulation:

Do < task A, usually easy, described in one or several paragraphs >

But wait! / Not so fast! / There is a twist...

You can only use ... < clarification that significantly changes the task into B >

This is misleading. The initial description says something, then the challenge turns out to be something else.

A typical use of this is to present the task as deceivingly simple (A), and then clarify that it is actually much harder (B). The writer's intention may be to make the challenge more "fun" or to add some "spice". But it's better to be honest from the start and include all the relevant information at the beginning, not leaving important information for later. The "twist" may be fun for the writer; but the reader may feel they have been deceived. What was initially told is not really true.

I'm not saying that clarifications are not allowed. As the challenge text progresses, the initial description can (should) be refined. But don't include a significant change in the middle of the text. If a "clarification" contradicts or significantly alters the challenge, it should be put right at the outset (it's not a clarification, it's one of the main ideas).

The order of ideas in the text should be chosen to minimize surprise to the reader. Start with the main ideas, then include refinements that modify or qualify any previous statements as little as possible.

Answer 21

Most kinds of generalised quines

Quines continue to fascinate this community... but we already have a plain quine challenge so we're "forced" to innovate by making quine-related challenges that aren't pure quines. For the purpose of this post, I'm defining a generalised quine as a program P which prints F(P), where F is some function of a string. (E.g. "print the reverse of your source code" would have a string reversal function as F.)

Just to be clear, this answer does not apply to other extensions of quines, like putting extra restrictions on them, as in a radiation-hardened quine, or extending them to mutual quines etc. This is purely about "print this transformation of your source code" challenges.

The problem with many of these is that there is no other solution than a) take your language's standard quine to get your source code as a string, b) tack on an implementation of F. If that's the case, the quine part doesn't add anything interesting - there's no better technique than copying "half" your solution from an established quine. In that case there's two possibilities: F itself is boring or has been done before, in which case the challenge doesn't add anything interesting at all, or F itself is actually an interesting string processing task, in which case it should be posted as such, without wrapping it in a quine framework.

That doesn't mean all generalised quines are bad. Some do admit interesting shortcuts than don't require the full standard quine to be reproduced. Before posting a generalised quine challenge, you should ask yourself whether that's possible or not.

Answer 22

Adding unnecessary fluff

See also: Chameleon challenges, Cumbersome I/O formats, Do X without Y

What's the main point of the challenge? Try to keep the challenge to just that. Don't go adding frills to the challenge just because it "looks too easy", or inserting strange modifications to a perfectly okay challenge just to "make things interesting". Keep it lean and straight to the point.

In addition to the related posts above, here are more examples of what not to do (when there's no good alternative approaches):

• Combining two or more unrelated core challenges into one — consider splitting the challenge up into separate challenges or dropping unnecessary parts. Examples include:

  • Instead of simply summing a list of numbers n at the end, requiring answers to sum over some unnecessary transformation (e.g.n^2, n+1, nth Fibonacci number) instead.

  • Instead of simply applying a function f(x) to a list of inputs, adding an unnecessary filtering step before the function is applied (e.g. median of only the prime numbers in the input).

• Unnecessary extra applications, e.g. instead of calculating a single function f(x):

  • Making answers calculate f(x) for every x in a list.
  • Making answers take an additional parameter n and applying f to the input x, n times.
  • Making answers calculate x-f(x) until the result is 1, then counting how many steps that took.

Answer 23

Patching out approaches

On your challenge, someone posts a solution that's cheap and not at all what you intended. You have the option to change the rules, but do so very carefully as there's many pitfalls.

Don't:

• Criticize the answerer. They were just trying their best towards the winning criteria as stated.
• Simply encourage avoiding this approach. If it's not against the rules, it's fair game.
• Ban answers "not in the spirit of the challenge". Answerers can't read your mind to infer your intentions.
• Require using a certain method. A lot of the fun is in finding novel, unexpected approaches.
• Attack the symptoms. If the exploit suggests a broader problem with the challenge, fix that problem. Also, it's often hard to specify exactly what is off-limits.
• Make rash changes. These might introduce other problems. It's hard to think clearly under time pressure. If you're unsure, ask that the challenge be closed, post it in the Sandbox to get feedback, and reopen it when it's in good shape.
• Post changes solely in the comments.

Answer 24

Input Validation

This is a subset of adding special cases for completeness that seems to come up pretty often. From a given set of possible inputs, a solution shouldn't have to sort out inputs that don't apply to the challenge.

For example, imagine a challenge that asks to find the index of a value in a sequence. For values that are not in the sequence, or values that don't apply (strings or floats in an integer sequence):

Don't:

• Require printing "Invalid input!" or something similar
• Ask for a specific return value, such as -1, 0 or the empty string.

Do:

• Say that all inputs are assumed to be valid.
• Allow undefined behaviour
• (Less preferably) the return value should be any value not normally returned by valid inputs. This includes errors, undefined values, etc.

It's not as fun to have to program in a bunch of edge cases testing whether an element is actually in the array or a number is non-negative. Plus having to allocate precious bytes for a string literal "Invalid input" in the middle of your code is unsatisfying and unnecessary.

If your challenge becomes trivial without input validation, then consider making it a decision-problem instead.

Answer 25

Popularity Contests

Popularity contests, while allowed, are heavily disfavored by site culture. You're likely better off reworking your challenge to use an objective winning criterion that isn't votes, such as code golf or fastest code. That is, unless you're an experienced user who knows when to disregard such advice.

Of the last 15 pop-cons as of writing, 11 have been closed. If you're a newish user, chances are yours will be too. I'm not claiming bias, but that one needs a very good feel of the community to navigate the minefield of pop-cons, and that takes time to develop.

Most pop cons are closed as "too broad" for having "too many possible answers". Saying "do [simple task] in a creative way" won't cut it -- pop-cons needs an exact, specific task that is hard to solve, and whose solutions can be further evaluated by human criteria. Even with this, I'd advise new-ish users to avoid pop-cons altogether, since it's easy to mess up and might be closed or downvoted anyway.

Answer 26

Pointless links

Links pointing to relevant information that aid in understanding the challenge are good. Links that point to information that is common knowledge or irrelevant to the challenge are not. They distract the reader, and can lead to dozens of tabs being opened at once.

If a challenge is posted with useless links, edit them out. It doesn't actively harm the challenge in any way.

Answer 27

Hidden pattern in the output for code golf challenges

You should not post a challenge in which an essential part is to find a pattern in the required output, which is not stated in the challenge but which greatly simplifies the code. That kind of challenges are essentially a puzzle in disguise.

As an example of a non-valid challenge, consider one that simply requires to

Produce this fixed string:

bebfjcgfdfijhjdcdiegcgeddidchjfaciiebjhbgjdjjdhfbaficajhejeefjcdahibgeagcigcaijj

without further explanation. The code will be much shorter if one realizes that the string is the first 80 decimals of pi with 0 replaced by a, 1 by b etc.

The reasons why these challenges should be avoided are:

• The actual complexity is in finding a hidden pattern, rather than in coding or programming. This is of little interest on this site, and possibly off-topic (consider posting on https://puzzling.stackexchange.com).
• Once an answer finds out the pattern, all other answers can do the same. If the pattern is going to be eventually known anyway, it is better to describe it upfront in the challenge.

So, you should state the pattern in the challenge text. If you feel that makes the challenge "less interesting", consider modifying it in some other way.

Note, however, that the challenge is not expected to describe all possible characterizations or patterns that the output satisfies. Including one (or maybe several) is enough. There is no requirement to be exhaustive.

For example, this would be valid as a challenge (adding further rules for output format etc):

Determine if the input is a triangular number, that is, if it can be expressed as 1+2+···+k, or equivalently as k*(k+1)/2, for some positive integer k.

The pattern is embodied by the definition of triangular numbers (1+2+...+k), which is included in the challenge. The challenge also contains another equivalent characterization (k*(k+1)/2). Now, an answer may find and exploit some other characterization, such as

A positive integer n is triangular if and only if 8*n+1 is a square.

It is totally fine if the challenge text does not include that information (which might have even been unknown to the challenge writer).

Answer 28

Bonuses in code-golf

This might be controversial - Personally I'm not sure which way to go on this one.

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In most cases, code-golf scoring is simple - shortest answer in bytes wins.

However some questions offer bonuses to reduce scores if certain optional requirements are met. This necessarily complicates scoring to the possible detriment of the question. Often this ends up with either negative-score answers or non-integer score answers. Of course comparisons of such scores are not rocket science, but they do leave a greater margin of error, as well as lower answer readability due to the extra cruft of score calculations.

It can be argued that a well-written challenge can stand alone without the need for bonuses.

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On the other hand, bonuses can make an question more accessible, both by allowing a larger range of participant ability, and possibly allowing answers in a more diverse set of languages.

Also bonuses add an extra dimension to the golfing process, which can make a problem more interesting to work on.

Answer 29

Narrow references

Beware of challenge topics that tickle your fancy, but others won't appreciate.

• An in-joke among friends
• A reference to a movie you like
• A task from actual code you wrote
• A small part of an existing algorithm without context

These can be sources of inspiration, but make sure the challenge itself is interesting to do. Imagine someone without the background: would they appreciate the topic once you explain it? Often it's best to just pose the task, then unobtrusively explain the background separately.

Answer 30

Using old challenges as a model

Just because an old challenge did something doesn't mean yours should too. Many old challenges wouldn't pass muster nowadays. Don't be surprised if your challenge is downvoted or closed even though a comparable old one is at +87.

Site standards have risen a lot over the years. Challenges are expected to be objective, precisely specified, and comprehensively covered by test cases. Moreover, some formerly-popular types of challenges have fallen out of community favor: pop cons about creativity, pure programming puzzles, code golfs with bonuses, Do X without Y, etc.

For a rough guide, as of this writing (Oct 2016), I'd say 2013 and before is a different world, and things from 2014-2015 are iffy as references.

Also, beware in general of "but this challenge did it!" regardless of the time. It may not have been a good idea for that challenge, and even if it was, it may not be a good idea for yours.